Dealing carefully with the data
by Michael Oard
The challenges of John Baumgardner’s second submission are addressed. More
information is provided from the ocean floor on the uniformitarian assumptions that
undergird his belief in plate tectonics. Especially problematic are his wholesale
acceptance of evolutionary fossil successions and magnetostratigraphy. I offer brief
comments on several specific aspects of plate tectonics in particular Wadati-Benioff
zones, mountain building and the space problem, thickened crust below mountains,
the plate tectonics mechanism, the Zodiac fan, and spreading ridges surrounding
Africa and Antarctica. Several unique features of catastrophic plate tectonics,
such as the character of trenches, the heat problem, and pre-Mesozoic plate tectonics
are questioned. A defence of my alternative suggestions is provided.
John Baumgardner and I can agree on many aspects of Earth history, such as there
was a global Flood, the Flood/post-Flood boundary is in the late Cenozoic (this
is a welcome change from the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary), the trench sediments
are problematic for the standard plate tectonics paradigm, extensional features
are ubiquitous around trenches, Wadati-Benioff zones are complex, and seafloor morphology
is complex. We also agree that creationist cannot be careless in handling scientific
data bearing on the subject, cannot indulge in building strawman illusions, should
not pick and choose what data we address or ignore, and ‘ … must be
discerning as we draw upon work done by researchers who view the world through evolutionary
glasses’. I especially want to emphasize in this submission that we need to
examine all the data thoroughly, since it usually comes from uniformitarian
sources and may be either theory laden or not a complete data set.
A more complete picture of the evidential basis for plate tectonics?
Baumgardner states in his second section that I am not careful with the data and
erect a straw man because I have failed to address the igneous crust of the ocean,
the worldwide fossil correlations, ocean sediments and sea floor morphology. Although
I have dealt with some of these aspects either in this forum or elsewhere and plan
to continue analyzing all the data, I see the situation different. I disagree
that all these features add up to seafloor spreading. For instance, I fail to see
where a minute amount of lava added to the mid-ocean ridge implies seafloor spreading,
especially in view of the new results that very little magma exists directly below
the ridge and other complications mentioned in my second submission. Furthermore,
not all mid-ocean ridges have a central rift graben, such as the East Pacific Rise.
Is all basalt on the Earth derived from the mantle during seafloor spreading? Couldn’t
some basalt also have been produced during Creation Week?
Baumgardner surprisingly accepts the biostratigraphy of microorganisms and magnetostratigraphy
at face value. These are evolutionary scenarios built upon uniformitarianism assumptions
and, yes, radiometric dating, as shown in my second submission. Why should
creationists accept these evolutionary fossil successions? There is much data manipulation
in the construction of these evolutionary scenarios. For instance, claimed reworking
is a common problem.1,2 Reworking likely is just an excuse to eliminate
contradictions. It is possible that one or more fossil successions have general
value for Flood geology, but this remains to be demonstrated. Baumgardner needs
to justify his use of such uniformitarian assumptions and deductions within creationism
and explain how his Flood model can result in an exact worldwide succession of microorganisms
with time during the Flood.
Brief comments on several specific aspects of plate tectonics theory
Baumgardner brushes off plate tectonic difficulties at the Wadati-Benioff zones
by stating that these zones are complex, and that I am criticizing an imaginary
problem. I prefer to look at all the data and their implications, instead of believing
the simplistic explanations offered by plate tectonics enthusiasts for this problem.
One difficulty in particular should cause advocates to pause, just a little, in
their enthusiasm, and that is the average downdip first-motion of earthquakes at
intermediate depth is tensional, when it should be compressional.
Baumgardner states: ‘In regard to mountain building, Oard’s claim that
the Andes are mostly volcanic in origin simply is not true.’ I never made
such a claim. I stated that, according to plate tectonics, magma starts
at around 100 km near the supposed plate boundary and wells up to form mountains,
such as the Andes. This is a standard plate tectonics hypothesis and was mentioned
in regard to the space problem of how liquid magma makes room for itself in the
lithosphere. This magma can end up either as volcanic or granitic rock.3
I do not believe Baumgardner has ‘solved’ the space problem by his suggestion.
Despite a number of hypotheses, the space problem is still considered a major problem
in Earth rheology.4 McCaffrey and
Petford state:
‘Despite nearly 100 years of discussion there is still no consensus on how
granitic magmas make space for themselves in the continental crust.’5
Furthermore, thickened crust below mountains does not automatically mean
that subduction has occurred. Although high mountains are generally in isostatic
equilibrium, the main source of information on the thickness of the crust is seismic
waves, the interpretation of which for the crust or mantle can have a range of compositions,
densities and temperatures.6,7 There likely are other explanations
for thickened crust, for instance the crust or upper mantle could be hotter or there
could be more liquid magma under high mountains.8
In their interpretations of deep structure and composition, researchers often extrapolate
high-pressure lab experiments on very small samples of various minerals to the natural
world. Although these lab experiments can provide hypotheses, there are a number
of pitfalls with such extrapolations.9,10 There is room for alternative
interpretations besides subduction.
Baumgardner claims that I distort the picture by stating that the mechanism of plate
tectonics is still uncertain. I derived this conclusion from plate tectonics advocates,11 and I still run into such admissions
in the recent literature:
‘The state of stress in the lithosphere of a vast part of the world’s
oceans remains unknown due to both a scarcity of observations and an incomplete
understanding of the plate tectonic driving forces’ [emphasis mine].
12
In my first submission, I did acknowledge that catastrophic plate tectonics, if
correct, may provide a plate tectonics mechanism:
‘Although catastrophic plate tectonics may "solve" a few of the
problems of plate tectonics, such as providing a possible mechanism, it creates
new problems.’
Of course, it is catastrophic plate tectonics that is the subject of this forum,
so I could not logically state that the driving force for supposed plate movement
has been solved by Baumgardner’s mechanism when uniformitarian scientists
are still uncertain.
Baumgardner strongly defends most of the standard plate tectonics paradigm. Besides
a rapid mechanism, where does catastrophic plate tectonics depart from plate tectonics?
For instance, he believes that plate motion is continuing today. But why should
plate motion be continuing when the mechanism for catastrophic plate tectonics has
ended, and the Earth’s rheology is back to what it was before? I doubt Baumgardner
would have developed his model if plate tectonics were not popular. It is essential
that we go back and analyze reasons for this popularity, and examine how many of
these reasons are grounded in evolution, uniformitarianism and radiometric dating.
In regard to Baumgardner’s explanation of the Zodiac fan according to the
standard plate tectonics paradigm that he defends, the fan would have been far to
the southeast of its present position—about 1,500–3,000 km off the coast
of the Pacific Northwest during the Eocene.13,14 Invoking an extinct but
barely visible ‘spreading ridge’ to the east of the fan in order to
displace the fan westward from off the southeast Alaska coast is quite hypothetical
and ad hoc. This is typical of how plate tectonics advocates solve their
many problems, and by my mentioning it, I am supposedly erecting a straw man argument
and taking advantage of the ‘ … complexity of seafloor spreading and
subduction …’. I fail to see the logic. The Zodiac fan makes much more
sense as Flood runoff southward from western Alaska since the tapering
thickness and north-south channels indicate southward flow. Since the fan is south
of the Aleutian trench, the Zodiac fan indicates that the trench was absent while
the fan was developing and, therefore, the trench would be a very late stage Flood
feature. It also indicates that there was no plate motion between the Pacific and
North American plates. The very late Flood origin of trenches is likely the reason
trenches are not in isostatic equilibrium with large negative gravity anomalies.
In regard to the problem of spreading ridges surrounding Africa and Antarctica,
Baumgardner finally provides some details. I find these details far fetched.
Trench sediments
Although Baumgardner admits that the character of the trench sediment is a problem
for plate tectonics, he believes he has solved it by catastrophic plate tectonics.
I doubt that, and I would like to see his explanation fleshed out. If trenches were
uplifted several tens of kilometres in his model, there should be copious evidence
for extensional features in the sediments, but they are mostly horizontally layered
in those trenches that contain sediments. Furthermore, it seems hard for me to believe
that thick trench sediments would not accumulate after runaway subduction finished
in the first 40 days of the Flood. Large lengths of the trenches west of Central
and South America have little or no sediments in them.15
These trench segments are too close to the continents not to collect sediments after
40 days within the Flood.
Unique issues of catastrophic plate tectonics
Baumgardner’s point of less heat generated in materials of less strength is
well taken. Of course, the main heat problem is the resurfacing of 70% of the Earth’s
surface with basalt extruded at a minimum temperature of 1,200°C. I would like
to see Baumgardner model the flow and transfer of heat for this event. The hot lava
may or may not be a problem for other Flood models, depending upon whether they
believe all or most of the entire seafloor was resurfaced or not.
Pre-Mesozoic plate motions, or Wilson cycles, are postulated by the plate tectonics
paradigm. Continents have supposedly collided and spread apart several times in
uniformitarian Earth history. For instance, the North Atlantic Ocean, called the
Iapetus Ocean, was open in the Late Precambrian to Early Paleozoic and closed during
the mid to Late Paleozoic, only to reopen during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Catastrophic
plate tectonics accounts for only this latter event, if it occurred. Since the Paleozoic
sediments are from the Flood, how would catastrophic plate tectonics advocates place
pre-Mesozoic plate motions into their scheme?
Alternatives
One of the themes of Baumgardner’s second submission seems to be that I do
not have a mechanism and hence am disqualified from challenging plate tectonics
or catastrophic plate tectonics. (It is interesting that evolutionists use the same
tactic to disqualify any results from creationism.) Philosophically, I do not need
a mechanism. I have suggested the alternative of slant-wise vertical tectonics with
possible meteorite impacts, but I admit that it needs much more research and development.
At this point, I can easily reject this tentative model.
In regard to large meteorite impacts, they should have more than a local effect,
and if the Earth was bombarded with several hundred or more meteorites during the
Flood, it seems to me that the effect would be globally significant, likely in ways
we cannot imagine. If just one large meteorite impacted the ocean, the resulting
tsunami would be more than local.
Many of these alternative ideas, such as the hypothesis of an orthogonal stress
pattern for the mid-ocean ridges and 90° offsets and fractures caused by differential
vertical tectonics still seems like a good hypothesis to me. Baumgardner states
that for vertical tectonics to account for the pattern of the ocean floor, the ocean
crust must be the same composition as the continental crust. I fail to understand
his reasoning. Furthermore, I am in the same boat as the uniformitarian scientists
in my lack of a mechanism for accounting for some of my ideas. In regard to the
many features of the Earth that my alternative hypotheses have not explained, I
would like to see a detailed explanation of these features in Baumgardner’s
model that is careful with the data.
Comments on Baumgardner’s conclusions
I too believe we must handle all the data carefully, but we must examine our assumptions
and make sure of the data we are attempting to utilize. I believe we are far from
having a viable model of the Flood at this time, and that it is unwise to become
locked into one model. Baumgardner needs to flesh out his model in much more detail
and justify his assumptions and use of all aspects of plate tectonics. Of course,
we do not need science to validate the Bible, but it would be nice to construct
a viable model. I would like to see us young-Earth creationists ‘ …
begin to pull together, communicating with one another, to bring to fruition a vibrant
and credible defence for the hope that is in us, relevant to the time in which we
live’. I hope this forum is one step in that direction.
Forum summary
In the first submission to this forum, it was appropriate to point out some of the
many problem and uniformitarian assumptions with plate tectonics, since catastrophic
plate tectonics seems to be accelerated plate tectonics. I especially focused on
various aspects at so-called subduction zones and showed that newer geophysical
evidence was contrary to plate tectonics. These data include lack of trench sediment
or horizontally layered trench sediment; terrestrial sediments in trenches and in
the so-called accretionary prisms, which are anomalously small or lacking altogether;
the enigmatic evidence for ubiquitous extension processes; the many plate tectonics
problems associated with Wadati-Benioff zones; and the difficulties with plate tectonics
explanation of mountains. I briefly mentioned several added problems with the catastrophic
plate tectonics model, such as the problem of excess heat, supposed pre-Mesozoic
plate motions, and copious post-Flood catastrophism. I then ended with a suggestion
that slant-wise vertical motion, possibly with meteorite impacts, could have caused
or been contributing factors in the Flood.
In my second submission, I questioned the belief that plate tectonics has been proven
and pointed out the many uniformitarian assumptions behind the catastrophic plate
tectonics model, including biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and even radiometric
dating. I focused on plate tectonic interpretive problems of mid-ocean
ridges and magnetic anomalies, providing an alternative interpretation for the latter.
I challenged the use of uniformitarian and evolutionary sequences that claim the
sediments become older the farther away from the mid-ocean ridges. I added more
information on the problematic plate tectonic interpretation of Wadati-Benioff zones,
providing an alternative hypothesis. Further aspects of the catastrophic plate tectonics
model were questioned, reminding the reader that it is just a model, although elegant,
and subject to the limitations of models.
This third and final submission has addressed Baumgardner’s challenges from
his second submission. I added a little more information, emphasizing the many uniformitarian
assumptions, to what Baumgardner believes is such compelling evidence from the ocean
floor for plate tectonics. I provided brief comments on several specific aspects
of plate tectonics. I commented on several unique aspects of catastrophic plate
tectonics, such as the character of trenches, the heat problem, and pre-Mesozoic
plate tectonics. I defended my alternative suggestions, admitting that I do not
yet have a mechanism and for the purposes of this forum do not need a mechanism.
I have tried to bring into the discussion newer data for a more complete data set.
Much of this data are reinterpreted within the plate tectonics paradigm, minimized
or ignored. I also have attempted a reinterpretation of this data. I may be reading
between the lines too much, but it is my impression that Baumgardner is unaware
of much of the data inimical to plate tectonics and is unable to see alternative
interpretations than plate tectonics. I certainly do not expect the ‘Earth-science
community’ to agree with my interpretation of the data. I believe that catastrophic
plate tectonics within creationist circles is a viable Flood model within the principle
of multiple working hypothesis, but I do not believe that the Flood mechanism has
been solved. Baumgardner has to fill in many more details of Earth history
and justify his assumptions.
Acknowledgements
I thank John Reed, Peter Klevberg, John Woodmorappe, Carl Froede, and Chris Bennett
for many helpful comments during this forum.
Michael J. Oard
has an M.S. in atmospheric science from the University of Washington and is now
retired after working as a meteorologist with the US National Weather Service in
Montana for 30 years. He is the author of the monographs An Ice Age Caused by the
Genesis Flood and Ancient Ice Ages or Gigantic Submarine Landslides?
He serves on the board of the Creation Research Society.
Back to Forum Index .
References
- Thiede, J., Reworking in Upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic central Pacific
deep-sea sediments, Nature 289:667–670, 1981. Return to text.
- Woodmorappe,
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87–94, 1999. Return to text.
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invariant? J. Geological Society, London 154:1, 1997.
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data, Tectonophysics 133:33–43, 1987.
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- Paterson, S.R. and Tobisch, O.T., Rates of processes in magmatic
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deformation, J. Structural Geology 14(3):291, 1992. Return to text.
- Oard, M.J., Literature criticisms
of plate tectonics; in: Reed, J.K. (Ed.), Plate Tectonics: A Different View,
Creation Research Society Monograph 10, St Joseph, pp. 44–45,
2000. Return to text.
- Hieronymus, C.F. and Bercovici, D., Non-hotspot formation of volcanic
chains: control of tectonic and flexural stresses on magma transport, Earth and
Planetary Science Letters 181:542, 2000. Return
to text.
- Stevenson, A.J., Scholl, D.W. and Vallier, T.L., Tectonic and
geologic implications of the Zodiac fan, Aleutian Abyssal Plain, northeast Pacific,
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1983. Return to text.
- Carey, S.W., Theories of the Earth and Universe—A History
of Dogma in the Earth Sciences, Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp. 184–186,
1988. Return to text.
- Oard, M.J., Subduction unlikely—plate
tectonics improbable; in: Reed, Ref. 11, p. 96, Figure 3. Return to text.
- Oard, Ref. 15, p. 102. Return to text.
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