Deluge disaster
Amazing Australian plesiosaur preservation
by Tas Walker
Location of Richmond, Queensland, where plesiosaur fossils were found.
Photo supplied by Cathy Mobbs
Paleontologists Mary Wade and Cathy Mobbs excavating the Richmond plesiosaur.
This part of Queensland is among the richest fossil-bearing areas in the world and
a number extremely well-preserved marine reptiles have been discovered.
Plesiosaur remains have been found on all continents including Antarctica, with
dozens coming from the Oxford Clay of England.
Cattleman Ian Ievers, in 1989, went looking for fossils on Marathon Station, the
family cattle property near Richmond in northwest Queensland, Australia.1,2 His
search was rewarded when he found some bones sticking out of a gully. There was
a skull with a slender snout, like a crocodile’s, and some vertebrae. The
rest of the skeleton disappeared into the bank.
When the paleontologists at Queensland Museum in Brisbane heard of the discovery,
they wasted no time organizing a recovery team. It could have been disastrous if
the gully eroded in the coming wet season. Even cattle sliding down the slope could
have damaged the find.
Usually, fossil remains are recovered only after a great effort, but this creature
was buried in fairly loose sediment, mostly shell-grit. After just 30 minutes of
digging, the team could see that the skeleton was of a plesiosaur. It turned out
to be of a kind not previously known in Australia. It took a further four days for
the team, with help from Ian, his brother Rob and other members of the family, to
excavate the creature completely.
Plesiosaurs were air-breathing marine reptiles with a distinct neck, a prominent
head and a round body. They are believed to be extinct. The creatures thrust themselves
through the water with their four flippers and steered with their tail. The specimen
buried on Marathon Station was 4.3 metres (14 ft) from the end of its nose to the
tip of its tail.
Plesiosaur facts
Plesiosaur means ‘near reptiles’: a group of marine reptiles
which were air-breathing, much like whales.
‘The Monster of Aramberri’: this is the nickname given to a
giant plesiosaur fossil found in Mexico in 2002 by Mexican and German researchers.
It is thought to be a type of pliosaur known as Liopleurodon ferox. The
BBC program Walking with Dinosaurs described the creature as being 25 metres
(65–70 ft) long and weighing 150 tons. Considerable dispute exists, however,
over the size and species of the fossil bones.
Mistaken identity: mistaken reports continue to circulate about a Japanese
trawler which was said to have hauled aboard a plesiosaur carcass in 1977. The body
was more likely, however, to have been that of a basking shark, which typically
decays to form what some mistake to be a plesiosaur because of its shape (see Live plesiosaurs: weighing the evidence).
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When the team removed the overlying sediment, they found the animal flat on its
back with its flippers splayed out. Remarkably, the bones were not a jumbled heap
or scattered around. Rather, every bone was individually fossilized, lying untouched
in the exact place where the animal was deposited. Only a few bones from one paddle
were missing.
Rob Ievers said, ‘It looked just like the skeleton of an animal that had died
yesterday or the year before.’ Excavation from the loose sediment was relatively
easy. The team dug out the flippers, tail, neck and body as separate blocks, held
together with plaster and bandages.3 They carefully labelled the skeleton
so it could be reassembled at the museum.
But how could the plesiosaur have been preserved so perfectly? The whole animal,
large as it was, must have been covered in sediment quickly, before it had time
to decompose and fall apart. Otherwise, the bones would have been scattered over
the ocean bottom. Indeed, the sediment must have buried the animal so quickly that
few other marine animals had a chance to scavenge the body. That could mean it was
buried within hours.
Thought to be one of the largest known marine predators in the world is the Kronosaurus—a
type of plesiosaur with massive jaws and teeth and believed to be extinct. The world’s
most complete specimen, known as Kronosaurus queenslandicus, was discovered
in 1932 in outback Queensland, Australia. Its fossilized remains stretch 12.8 m
(42 ft) and are housed in the Harvard Museum, USA.
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Properties in the area are famous for fossils. It was not surprising that Ian, the
family fossil enthusiast, soon reported another find just 8 km away. This time it
was a land animal—an ankylosaur called Minmi about 3 m (10 ft) long. These
had a rough armour-plated skin with layers of tiny bones (ossicles). The specimen
was well preserved and even the wrinkles in the skin could be ‘mapped’
from the ossicles.
Indeed, the whole of inland Queensland is scattered with animal remains that are
in extraordinarily good condition. The area has produced so many skeletons that
tourist promoters call it the ‘fossil triangle’.
In 1930, paleontologists retrieved a well-preserved plesiosaur from another cattle
station near Richmond. It was a kronosaur and the largest marine reptile found anywhere
in the world at the time. Its skull alone was over 3 m (10 ft) long and its total
length was 13 m (43 ft).
In Hughenden, another town in the area, tourists can view the skeleton of a huge
dinosaur in a big iron shed. The town has also erected a life-size replica of the
animal in the main street, where passing traffic can’t help but see it.
All these animals, so incredibly preserved, testify to catastrophic conditions that
buried them suddenly. Land animals and marine animals have been overwhelmed and
quickly covered in sediment. Whatever it was that caused this, it was huge, and
it affected both the oceans and the land.
If there really was a global Flood, just as the Bible says, then what would we expect
to find? We would expect to find billions of dead things buried in rock layers laid
down by water all over the earth. The fossilized land and sea animals all over Queensland
are exactly what we would expect from the global Flood described in the Bible.4
Their bones are an outstanding testimony to the reality of that event.
Nowadays, highways bring travellers into the remote areas of Australia, to the museums
that display these fossils. If only these visitors knew the reason, they may well
ponder the evidence before their eyes that the Creator did judge this world by water,
as the Bible says.
Ancient Australia
‘Minmi’ is the name given to the fossil bones of an Ankylosaurus, also
found in western Queensland and now on display in the Richmond museum. This armoured
dinosaur was covered with bony plates, many of which are still visible on this extraordinarily
well-preserved specimen.
Much of Western Queensland was once an inland sea, according to evolutionists; however,
the abundance of both marine and terrestrial fossils is entirely consistent with
what we would expect to find according to the biblical Flood.
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References and notes
- Mobbs, C., The creature from our inland sea, Australian Geographic
20:26–27, October–December, 1990. Return to text.
- Neales, S., The man who saved Richmond, Outback 16:56–58,
April–May, 2001. Return to text.
- The paleontologists decided not to dig below a layer of platy limestone in the field
but to remove the fossils in chunks—one large block for the body and smaller
ones for the tail, lower neck, a sidepiece of the rib cage and each flipper. Some
years later museum staff assessed the skeleton at about 90% complete. Paleontologists
attributed damage to predation, partial erosion and final burial. Return to text.
- The sediments in which these animals were buried were deposited as the floodwaters
were rising, just before they reached their peak. See Walker,
T., The Great Artesian Basin, Australia, TJ 10(3):379–390,
1996. Return to text.
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