Dinosaur herd buried in Noah’s Flood in Inner Mongolia, China
by Tas Walker
Published: 14 April 2009(GMT+10)
Image from Varricchio et al., ref. 2
Figure 1. Location of the fossil site in Inner Mongolia, China
An international team of scientists have uncovered graphic evidence of the deadly
terror unleashed on a herd of dinosaurs as they were buried under sediment by the
rising waters of Noah’s Flood in western Inner Mongolia (figure 1).1
Dinosaur bones were first discovered at the site, located at the base of a small
hill in the Gobi Desert, in 1978 by a Chinese geologist. After about 20 years, a
team of Chinese and Japanese scientists recovered the first skeletons, which they
named Sinornithomimus, meaning “Chinese bird mimic”.
A few years later in 2001, the international team excavated the remains of more
than 25 dinosaurs, creating a large quarry in the process as they as they followed
the skeletons into the base of the hill.
Remarkable excavation
As the team carefully mapped the location of the bones and strata that contained
them (figure 2), it became clear that the dinosaurs were all within the same layer
of mudstone (i.e. the same bedding plane), generally facing the same direction and
remarkably well preserved.2
Image from Varricchio et al., ref. 2
Figure 2. Map of some dinosaur remains at the site in Inner Mongolia. Note the skeletal parts
have generally remained together indicating that the animals were buried before
their remains disintegrated.
Most of the dinosaurs were buried in a life-like crouching posture and, even more
surprisingly, the limbs of the dinosaurs were plunging down into the underlying
mud as deep as 40 cm (figure 3).3
Their hind legs were often still bent indicating that they were struggling to escape.
Two of the skeletons were found one right over the other where they apparently fell.
This fossil find captures in stone how the dinosaurs perished when they became mired
in the mud.
The thick layer of mud in which the animals were trapped displayed bedding that
was twisted and convoluted4
indicating that the sediment was only recently deposited from flowing water and
still soft when it was disturbed. There was an absence of bioturbation (such as
burrowing by worms or crustaceans) in the underlying mud,5
which also indicated that the mud was only recently deposited.
Not only was the thick under layer of sediment recently deposited, but the overlying
sediments were deposited soon after the animals were trapped, burying the animals
before their soft parts had a chance to rot away. Nearly all the fossil bones were
surrounded by a drab, blue-gray halo indicating how far the soft tissue extended
(figure 3), and that the carcasses had decomposed after being buried, not
before. In addition, gastroliths (stomach stones) were found in the fossilized ribcages
of some animals, as well as carbonized stomach contents (figure 3).6
So promptly were the animals buried that the delicate bones in the eye (sclerotic
rings) of some animals were preserved. The team interpreted the site as a “catastrophic
miring of an immature herd”.
Image from Varricchio et al., ref. 2
Figure 3. Fossil skeletons 3 and 4 (see figure 2) recovered from site. Note the bluish-gray halo surrounding all the bones indicating
the skeletons were buried with the soft parts in tact. A: Plan
view of the two skeletons. Note how they overlap. B: Snout and
unusual neck curvature likely indicating death throes. C: Pelvis
almost all preserved. D: Gastrolith (stomach stone) mass and carbonized
stomach contents within rib cage indicating rapid burial. E: Cross-section
of rear leg mired deep in mud and in bent position and F: cross
section of foreleg deep in the mud, both indicating catastrophic entrapment. White
scale bars are 10 cm.
Noah’s Flood?
When I read of such a large herd of animals being frantically trapped in thick mud
that was only recently deposited and then rapidly buried by more sediment I immediately
think of Noah’s Flood. The fossil evidence is exactly the sort of thing that
you would expect as a result of the global catastrophe described in the Bible.
“The waters rose and increased greatly on the earth, and the ark floated on
the surface of the water. They rose greatly on the earth, and all the high mountains
under the entire heavens were covered. The waters rose and covered the mountains
to a depth of more than twenty feet. Every living thing that moved on the earth
perished—birds, livestock, wild animals, all the creatures that swarm over
the earth, and all mankind. Everything on dry land that had the breath of life in
its nostrils died. Every living thing on the face of the earth was wiped out; men
and animals and the creatures that move along the ground and the birds of the air
were wiped from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those with him in the ark. The
waters flooded the earth for a hundred and fifty days. (Genesis 7:18–24.)”
However, Noah’s Flood is not an explanation that came to the minds of the
paleontologists who excavated the dinosaurs in Inner Mongolia. Consequently, they
struggled to explain what they found. Their main problem was that they were looking
for a modern environment that corresponds with the evidence but Noah’s Flood
was a unique event.7 There
has been no geological disaster in the last 4,500 years that has come anywhere close
to what happened during the Flood.
A herd of juveniles
Lead author, David Varricchio, assistant professor of paleontology at Montana State
University, USA, indicated his surprise at what the team uncovered and alluded to
their inability to explain it with a modern environment. “Finding a mired
herd is exceedingly rare among living animals”, he said.
Nearly all the fossil bones were surrounded by a drab, blue-gray halo indicating
how far the soft tissue extended, and that the carcasses had decomposed after being
buried, not before.
One problem that the paleontologists encountered is that according to uniformitarianism
the fossils layers preserve a living environment that existed at that time. Therefore,
the team was surprised that the dinosaurs consisted only of juveniles without any
adults or hatchlings present. However, that is perfectly understandable in the Flood
catastrophe when animals were fleeing. You would expect the hatchlings to have already
perished and the adults to have fled and abandoned the youngsters.
In scientific circles these sorts of anomalies are never reported as a problem.
Rather, the paleontologists reported this unexpected result as a “new discovery”.
They said it was evidence of “distinctive dinosaur sociality” where
the immature dinosaurs were left to fend for themselves in juvenile herds while
the mature adults were occupied elsewhere with parental care of eggs and hatchlings.
What an amazing story.
All that mud
Another problem for the team was the thickness of the mud in which the dinosaurs
were trapped. They suggested the area was a low energy lake environment, which is
the standard interpretation that uniformitarians invoke to explain muddy sediments.
“The lamination and very thin beds of the intervening unit represent slow
deposition under quiet, low-energy conditions and an absence of significant invertebrate
or vertebrate bioturbation.”
However, recent laboratory experiments have shown that such an automatic interpretation
almost certainly incorrect because mud readily deposits from flowing water.8
In order to account for the depth of mud in an area where the animals could be trapped
the team claimed the water level of the lake was lowering as a result of drought.
That could account for the mud depth in a limited region close to the shore. But
it is hard to imagine how, under normal conditions, so many animals could have become
trapped together so suddenly in a small area of mud at the edge of a lake.
‘Finding a mired herd is exceedingly rare among living animals’—David
Varricchio, assistant professor of paleontology at Montana State University, USA
It is also hard to account for the absence of bioturbation in the mud. If you say
that worms and crustaceans had not colonized the sediment because the mud had only
been recently deposited then you would have to explain what sort of process would
deposit half a metre of mud so quickly. And, how could such a thick deposit have
been laid down at the edge of a lake? The authors opted to say that the unbioturbated
laminae suggested the mud was situated in deeper water. But deeper water would help
the animals escape because water would help to support their body weight.
Another problem is that the team found mudcracks on the mud, which they also interpreted
as indicators of drought. Mudcracks form when mud emerges from the water and has
dried for a day or so. How could the mudcracks form on the mud surface if it was
in deeper water?
This array of evidence that conflicted with their expectations puzzled the team
and they once again presented the results as an “exceptional” discovery.
However, the thick mud deposit, rapid sedimentation and catastrophic entrapment
of the animals are easily explained by the Flood catastrophe. And mud does not need
to be exposed above water for mud cracks to form. Shrinkage cracks will form in
situ once the overlying sediments have been deposited and the water within
the mud is expelled and the mud contracts.9
A desert?
These dinosaur fossils were found in the Cretaceous sediments of Inner Mongolia
that were interpreted as being deposited on the continent. More specifically they
were found in the Ulansuhai Formation of the Upper Cretaceous, which is interpreted
as being a desert environment.
“Through this period the region experienced an increase in overall aridity
and a shift from lacustrine [lake] and fluvial [river] Lower Cretaceous facies [rocks]
to predominantly aeolian [desert] dune and associated interdune facies in the Upper
Cretaceous.”10
What were these herds of dinosaurs doing in a desert? Where did they get the food
then needed? How was such a large herd trapped in mud so quickly in a desert? And
how were they buried so quickly in a desert, before the soft flesh had time to rot
away and before the skeletons had disintegrated? The fact that sediment was able
to accumulate to such a depth over the animals (now at the base of a small hill)
indicates that the depth of the water was rising on the continent to provide
the necessary accommodation, not falling.
So, it was not a desert. Uniformitarian geologists invoke a desert interpretation
in an attempt to explain the large thickness of the sandstone strata and the huge
sand dunes within the beds. They say it was a desert to hold onto their uniformitarian
philosophy that it was like a modern environment and thus try to avoid acknowledging
the huge volume of water that must have been necessary, as indicated by the obvious
signs of catastrophe within the sand. So they are prepared to propose an explanation
where lakes and rivers turn into deserts full of dinosaur herds that become trapped
in thick mud and are buried quickly. One wrong interpretation leads to another.
Take off the blinkers
Blinkers change the way a horse sees the world and the uniformitarian paradigm has
a similar effect on scientists.
Blinkers change the way a horse sees the world and the uniformitarian paradigm has
a similar effect on scientists. Even though they carefully excavate and document
the fossil dinosaurs buried around the world the philosophy of uniformitarianism
biases the way they look at the evidence, stops them exploring all the options and
controls the sort of explanations they promote.
Here in Inner Mongolia in the middle of Asia the historical reality of Noah’s
Flood explains the new dinosaur finds elegantly. The herd of dinosaurs was a casualty
of the enormous watery catastrophe that engulfed the region during the Flood. They
were overwhelmed during the first half of the catastrophe as the waters were rising
on the earth, while air-breathing, land-dwelling animals were still alive. Sediment
continued to accumulate on the continent during this Inundatory stage as the waters
continued to rise. Then, when the waters receded from the continents they eroded
some of the overlying material, shaping the landscape, and leaving occasional erosional
remnants, such as the small hill where the geologists were able to excavate this
dinosaur graveyard.
Further reading
Related resources
References
- Young dinosaurs roamed together, died together, Eurekalert,
<eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-03/uoc-ydr0311o9.php>, 16 March 2009. Return to text.
- Varricchio, D.J., Sereno, P.C., Xijin, Z., Lin, T., Wilson,
J.A. and Lyon, G.H., Mud-trapped herd captures evidence of distinctive dinosaur
sociality, Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 53(4):567–578, 2008.
Return to text.
- Varricchio, et al., ref. 2, p. 570.
Return to text.
- Varricchio, et al., ref. 2, p. 569.
Return to text.
- Varricchio, et al., ref. 2, p. 573.
Return to text.
- Varricchio, et al., ref. 2, p. 574.
Return to text.
- Because they rely on modern environments to explain evidence
they imagine the dinosaurs were buried 92 million years ago. In modern environments
sedimentation is not that rapid. But once you allow that Noah’s Flood was
a real event that engulfed the whole earth the raging waters sweep the millions
of years away. And the evidence for rapid deposition is overwhelming.
Return to text.
- Schieber, J., Southard, J. and Thaisen, K., Accretion of mudstone
beds from migrating floccule ripples, Science 318(5857):1760–1763,
2007. See also: Walker, T., Mud experiments overturn long-held geological beliefs,
Journal of Creation 22(2):14 –15, 2008; <creation.com/mud/>
Return to text.
- Austin, S.A., Grand Canyon: Monument to Catastrophe, Institute
for Creation Research, Santee, CA, pp. 40–42, 1994. Return
to text.
- Varricchio, et al., ref. 2, p. 568.
Return to text.
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