Evolution revolution
Stick insect research upsets one of evolutionists’ long-held beliefs
by Philip Bell
As a Christian university student, the lack of evidence for insect-flight evolution
contributed to my rejection of evolution, in favour of biblical creation. I was
therefore recently intrigued to read that the latest research on this topic is causing
evolutionists to ‘rewrite the rules’ of evolution.
Evolution is not meant to run in reverse—at least, this is a basic principle
of evolution that is widely accepted. Evolutionists believe that complex genetic
instructions, once encoded in a creature’s DNA (by natural selection of
random mutations1), are unlikely to be undone,2 even
less likely to be regained later on. A recent report on stick insects in the prestigious
journal Nature is forcing evolutionists to rethink this fundamental belief.3
Today’s stick insects (or phasmids, as scientists call them) show great variety;
e.g. some have wings and some do not. The conventional idea holds that a winged
insect ancestor gave rise to different groups of winged stick insects, with many
of these later evolving to a wingless condition.4 From their
studies of DNA in 59 stick insect species, the authors of this latest research came
to a completely different conclusion: wings were lost in a ‘primitive’
ancestor of stick insects, reappeared at least four times (independently),
then were lost yet again on two or more occasions!
So, these exquisitely complex structures we call wings (not to mention the associated
muscles, ligaments and nervous control systems) are now said to have evolved, devolved
and ‘re-evolved’ several times. Moreover, these ups and downs in the
evolution of insect flight allegedly spanned 300 million years, with periods of
winglessness lasting up to 100 million years. No wonder that this ‘re-evolution’
in evolutionary thinking is being described as a ‘revolution’!5
Genetic information for wings, no longer serving any selective purpose, should be
lost and/or should degenerate through disuse by virtue of mutations.6
Aware of this, the authors speculate that the instructions for wings were somehow
linked to those for legs, so they could be switched on again later. Shoe-horned
by their unquestioning belief in evolution, they fail to question whether these
non-functioning genes could really have existed for so long!
Of course, this demonstrates just how ‘plastic’ evolutionary theory
is, as contradictory data are turned into evidence for the theory! As we have repeatedly
stated before, loss of information (wings in this case) is not evolution, which
would require new information.7 Switching on existing information
(even if this had occurred) would not explain where those instructions for making
wings came from in the first place.
References and notes
- Mutations are rare genetic mistakes that may occur when cells divide or when DNA
is damaged by something harmful in the environment, such as radiation or toxic chemicals.
- This principle was first formulated by Belgian biologist Louis Dollo and thus called
‘Dollo’s Law’. See: Dollo’s Principle: Irreversability [sic]
of evolution, in Milner, R. (Ed.), The encyclopedia of evolution, Facts
on File, Oxford, p. 143, 1990.
- Whiting, M.F., Bradler, S. and Maxwell, T., Loss and recovery of wings in stick
insects, Nature 421: 264–267, 2003.
- Approximately 60% of living species of stick insects lack wings.
- One commentator quotes the lead author of the Nature article as follows:
‘I remember sitting down with entomologists [insect experts] and hearing them
say “impossible, impossible, impossible”? … [but] re-evolution
is probably more common than we thought.’ See Jones, N., Stick insect forces
evolutionary rethink, <www.newscientist.com/news/print.jsp?id=ns99993269>,
16 January 2003.
- As there would be no selection against mutations in unused genes (for wings), mutations
would accumulate in these genes so that they would become completely scrambled and
no longer able to specify how to make wings. With such a long period proposed (100
million years), this would be inevitable.
- AiG has repeatedly pointed this out—see, for example:
Wieland, C., Beetle bloopers, Creation
19(3):30, 1997; Wieland C., Muddy waters,
Creation 23(3):26–29, 2001. See also the fascinating
video: From a Frog to a Prince.
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