Is Intelligence allowed?
Expelled UK Premiere sparks more debate
by Dominic Statham
Published: 23 March 2010(GMT+10)
On Saturday 27th February, I attended the UK premiere of Ben Stein’s
film,
Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. In a lively, fast moving
and entertaining way, Stein makes a very serious point: any academic who dares to
question Darwinian dogma risks censure, limited career prospects and, quite possibly,
the loss of his or her job. After the film, there was a live debate, in which two
proponents of Intelligent Design, Dr. Alastair Noble1 and Professor Steve Fuller2 faced two opponents of Intelligent Design, Professor
Keith Fox3 and Professor
Susan Blackmore.4
At one point, Blackmore, who flatly denied that there was any real problem with
academic censorship, explained that one of the reasons she could not take ID seriously
was that she was not aware of anything useful that had come out of it. As I listened
to this, I recalled all the scientific blunders that could have been avoided if
scientists had not been constrained in their thinking by the evolutionary paradigm.
The latest, of course, is the debacle arising from the erroneous belief in ‘junk
DNA’. Believing most of the genome to have no function, being just a relic
of our evolutionary past, medical researchers had ignored it, and missed many keys
to how we could treat diseases arising from genetic disorders. According to John
Mattick, Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Queensland, “the
failure to recognize the implications of the non-coding DNA will go down as the
biggest mistake in the history of molecular biology.”5 Had scientists believed the genome to be designed,
it is most unlikely that they would have made this mistake.
Blackmore, presumably, is also unaware of the considerable body of evidence supporting
the view that modern science was born out of a belief in a universe that had been
designed. In his Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, Kepler wrote of how
his scientific work was driven by “the highest confidence in the visible works
of God”, and he often interspersed his reflections on scientific method with
biblical quotations on the wisdom, power and glory of God.6
Believing most of the genome to have no function, being just a relic of our evolutionary
past, medical researchers had ignored it, and missed many keys to how we could treat
diseases arising from genetic disorders.
Galileo wrote that “the book of nature is a book written by the hand of God
in the language of mathematics”7
and referred to the divine Creator as a ‘craftsman’ and an ‘architect’,
concepts which inspired him to conduct experiments so as to learn about God’s
creation. Believing the human mind also to be the work of this Creator, he confidently
pursued his research in the expectation that the mind created by God was capable
of understanding at least some of the rest of his creation. According to Galileo,
it was this Christian belief that the principles of the universe were fathomable
that led Copernicus to postulate the simple theory that the earth revolved around
the sun.8
For Robert Boyle, “the doctrine and belief in the Creator represented the
very foundation of sound reasoning about the world”, and Newton “most
explicitly endorsed the notion of a Creation once and for all as the only sound
framework of natural philosophy.”9
In an essay written for the Royal Society, John Maynard Keynes said of Newton that
“he regarded the universe as a cryptogram set by the Almighty.”10
According to Robert Hooke, the pioneer of microscopy, the more we magnify objects,
“the more we discover the imperfections of our senses, and the omnipotency
and infinite perfections of the great Creator”.11
That the faith of these creationists provided the basis for modern science was also
acknowledged by the leading anthropologist and historian of science, Loren Eiseley:
“… the philosophy of experimental science … began its discoveries
and made use of its method in the faith, not the knowledge, that it was dealing
with a rational universe controlled by a creator who did not act upon whim nor interfere
with the forces He had set in operation … It is surely one of the curious
paradoxes of history that science, which professionally has little to do with faith,
owes it origins to an act of faith that the universe can be rationally interpreted,
and that science today is sustained by that assumption.”12
…the founders of modern science, such as Galileo and Newton … persevered
in their work because they believed in a Creator who had ordered the world in such
a way that scientific research and engineering endeavour would be fruitful.
Keith Fox, who also argued against ID, is a theistic evolutionist. Apart from the
violence that the doctrine of theistic evolution does to scripture, the logic behind
Fox’s position amazes me—I just cannot see how someone can believe in
a creator and deny ID. The theistic evolutionist argues that God used natural processes
to create and, presumably, set up the universe with natural laws that inevitably
gave rise to the kind of life forms he wanted to populate the earth, including man
who was intended to carry His image. If so, then it follows that intelligence may
be seen in the laws of nature, and what issues from these laws will also carry the
mark of an intelligent origin. ID, then, would still be a valid premise upon which
to pursue science.
Clearly, as a biblical creationist, I do not believe that God only used natural
laws to create, but that the world and all life was made supernaturally. I have,
however, also come to see evidence of design in the ‘character’ of the
material world. Let me explain. As a young engineer, I would often meet technical
problems in my work—manufacturing processes would not do what I wanted them
to do, vibrations prevented mechanisms working properly etc—and I often questioned
whether a solution actually existed. Could I spend many fruitless hours trying to
solve a problem which had no solution? I was always encouraged by the senior engineers
to keep going, however, and, without exception, always found an answer. Over time,
I realised that their expectation that solutions would be found arose from their
experience—over many years they had consistently found satisfactory ways round
problems. They had seen a pattern! It occurred to me subsequently that the founders
of modern science, such as Galileo and Newton, did not have the benefit of this
experience. They persevered in their work because they believed in a Creator who
had ordered the world in such a way that scientific research and engineering endeavour
would be fruitful.
“O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is your name in all the
earth! You have set your glory above the heavens.” (Psalm 8:1)
Related articles
References and notes
- Alastair Noble was Inspector of Schools and Head of Education
Services in Scotland. Return to text.
- Steve Fuller is Professor of Sociology, University of Warwick.
Return to text.
- Keith Fox is Professor of Biochemistry, University of Southampton.
Return to text.
- Sue Blackmore is Visiting Professor in the School of Psychology,
University of Plymouth. Return to text.
- Genius of Junk DNA, Catalyst, 10 July 2003. Return to text.
- Jaki, S., Science and Creation, Scottish Academic
Press, Edinburgh, 1986, p. 268. Return to text.
- Stark, R., For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to
Reformations, Science, Witch-hunts and the End of Slavery, Princeton University
Press, Oxford, 2003, p. 165. Return to text.
- Jaki, S., ref. 6, p. 276–279. Return
to text.
- Jaki, S., ref. 6, pp. 285 and 287. Return
to text.
- Keynes, J.M., Newton, the Man. Essay read to the
Royal Society, 1946. Cited in Stark, R., ref. 7, p. 173. Return
to text.
- Harrison, P., The Bible, Protestantism and the rise of
natural science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001, p. 174.
Return to text.
- Eiseley, L., Darwin’s Century: Evolution and the
Men who Discovered It, Anchor Books, New York, USA, 1961, p. 62.
Return to text.
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