The mutant ‘feather-duster’ budgie
by Andrew Lamb
When a clutch of four budgerigar chicks hatched out one sunny September day in 1999,
it was a happy occasion for their breeder, Damien Harris of New Zealand. It wasn’t
until they began to grow feathers a few weeks later that Damien noticed something
odd about one of the chicks. Her feathers were curly instead of straight, and they
just kept growing—and growing—and growing!
Because this odd chick (pictured below) needed special care, Damien didn’t
sell her, but instead gave her to bird-lover Warren Scholes, who named her Nora,
after a local political character.
Nora
Nora’s long, curly feathers seemed to lack some component of the normal barb,
barbule and hook structures of standard feathers, and they greatly hampered her
mobility. Although able to eat normal budgie fodder and shuffle around, Nora couldn’t
climb, preen or fly like other budgies, and she could hardly chatter or squawk either.
However, with Warren’s help she did eventually learn to perch on the low rung
in her cage.
Nora’s parents were both descendants of English show budgies, the only birds
known to produce ‘feather duster’ mutants, the first such case being
reported in England in 1966.1,2 Breeders think a mutation (genetic copying mistake)
in a recessive gene causes the problem.
Since Nora’s three siblings were healthy, they must have each inherited a
good copy of the gene from at least one of the two parents. (If the gene from their
other parent was defective, the good copy would override it.) If they inherited
one good copy and one mutant copy they would be carriers of the disease, while remaining
healthy themselves.
When the copies from both parents have this mutation, as with Nora, the ‘feather
duster’ syndrome results. To avoid the possibility of more chicks like Nora,
Damien separated Nora’s parents, and did not breed them together again.
These ‘feather duster’ mutants also carry some strains of Budgerigar
Herpesvirus that aren’t found in normal budgies, but experts don’t know
whether the virus plays a role in this genetic problem.3
As their bodies divert precious nutrients and energy into continual feather growth,
these mutant birds suffer severe muscle wasting. Most die after four to eight months.
Warren gave Nora special care, but even with this attention she managed to live
only 12 months before succumbing, whereas a typical budgie lifespan is anywhere
from six to 14 years.4
Mutations, disease, death—how did our world come to be such a tragic place?
The Bible gives the answer. God created a beautiful, wonderful world for us (and
remnants of that beauty are still evident), but from the first man onwards, people
have consistently rejected God’s authority, and ‘gone their own way.’
God has let his creation suffer the consequences of our sin, and disease-causing
mutations are one such consequence.
The ‘feather duster’ mutation probably damages the control gene responsible
for turning off feather growth. Though rarely observed in birds, many similar mutations
are known in mammals. For example, just as Nora had feathers that wouldn’t
stop growing, so too poodles have hair that won’t stop growing. Most
dogs moult each spring, but poodle hair just keeps on growing non-stop all year
round! Some scientists think this is caused by a mutation in the control gene that
regulates moulting. It makes poodles a favourite for fashion-minded dog groomers,
but if owners don’t regularly trim their poodle’s ear hair, it can quickly
obstruct their ears, causing debilitating life-threatening infections.5,6
Normal budgie
Besides poodles, a number of other domestic mammal breeds are the result of selecting
for abnormal hair growth, e.g. Australian Merino sheep, Scottish Highland cattle,
Hungarian Mangalica pigs, and Angora goats.7
And people have observed mutant hairy specimens in numerous other mammal species,
including minks, guinea pigs and horses. King William IV of Britain owned a mutant
horse with a mane 4 m (13.5 ft) long and a tail 8 m (27 ft) long!7
Even humans have on occasion been afflicted with such mutations,8 which have often been misinterpreted as evolutionary
‘throwbacks’ to mythical furry ancestors.
Control gene mutations are not restricted to hair and feathers. Some bacteria have
a mutation disabling the control gene that regulates manufacture of a chemical that
destroys penicillin, resulting in unrestrained production, which thus renders them
immune to penicillin.9 Belgian Blue
cattle have a mutation that deactivates the myostatin gene, resulting in uncontrolled
muscle growth, and thus abnormally big cattle.10
In all these examples information is lost—the control genes are damaged and
no longer able to fully perform their original function.
Evolutionists are compelled to believe that mutations lead to new information, and
new types of organisms, but this has never been observed. What we do observe
is, however, entirely consistent with the Biblical model of degeneration from a
‘very good’ original state. Many mutations lead to innocuous neutral
changes that do not impede the health of the organism, but this is not upward evolution.
In rare cases, a mutation can confer an advantage in a particular environment, but
this is always due to a loss of information resulting in a loss
of some particular functionality. For example, a mutation resulting in the loss
of wings is an advantage to beetles on a windy island.11
More commonly, such loss of functionality results in disease. Researchers have now
tracked down the exact nature and chromosomal locations of a staggering 9,500 specific
DNA defects that cause, or predispose towards, over 900 different human diseases,
with a further 3,400 mutations identified but not yet confirmed, and new mutations
being uncovered almost daily.12
The damage and suffering we see in the world today results, ultimately, from Adam’s
sin. We take comfort from God’s promises that one day things will be restored,
and then for those who are ‘in Christ’, there shall be ‘no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain’
(Revelation
21:4).
References
- Burr, E.W., Companion bird medicine, Iowa State University
Press, p. 34, 1987. Return to text.
- Rosskopf, W.J., and Woerpel, R.W., Diseases of cage and aviary
birds, 3rd ed., Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p. 465, 1996.
Return to text.
- Ritchie, B.W., Harrison, G.J. and Harrison, L.R., Avian medicine:
principles and application, Wingers Publishing, Florida, pp. 873, 880; 1994.
Return to text.
- Cooper, H., Budgies, finches, canaries, parrots—management,
Aviary and caged birds, Refresher Course for Veterinarians Proceedings No.
55, The University of Sydney Post-Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science, pp.
19–33, 1981. Return to text.
- Gotthelf, L.N., Small animal ear diseases, W.B. Saunders
Company, Philadelphia, pp. 46, 55, 56, 95; 2000. Return to text.
- Clark, R.D. and Stainer, J.R. (Editors), Medical & genetic
aspects of purebreed dogs, Veterinary Medicine Publishing Company, Kansas,
pp. 364, 368; 1983. Return to text.
- Hámori, D., Constitutional disorders and hereditary diseases
in domestic animals, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp.
380–382, 1983. Return to text.
- Awtry, T., The ‘werewolf’
gene, Creation 18(1):51, 1995. Return to
text.
- Sarfati, J.,
Refuting evolution, Answers in Genesis, Brisbane, pp. 40–41,
1999. Return to text.
- Muscular cattle: a beneficial mutation?
Creation 20(4):9, 1998. Return to text.
- Wieland, C.,
Beetle bloopers, Creation 19(3):30, 1997.
Return to text.
- McKusick, V.A.,
Online mendelian inheritance in man, McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic
Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD), and National Center for Biotechnology
Information, National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, MD), 7 September 2001.
Return to text.
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