Darwin on Trial

Phillip E. Johnson

Chapter 1: The Legal Setting
Chapter 2: Natural Selection
Chapter 3: Mutations Great and Small
Chapter 4: The Fossil Problem
Chapter 5: The Fact of Evolution
Chapter 6: The Vertebrate Sequence
Chapter 7: The Molecular Evidence
Chapter 8: Prebiological Evolution
Chapter 9: The Rules of Science
Chapter 10: Darwinist Religion
Chapter 11: Darwinist Education
Chapter 12: Science and Pseudoscience

Index

A
Agasssiz, Louis, 48, 71, 78, 166, 173
Alvarez, Louis and Walter, 169
American Museum of Natural History, 5, 9, 74, 81
American Scientific Affiliation (ASA), 126;

booklet for teachers, 127-128
amino acids,
in proteins, 90;
in origins research, 102, 103, 183
amphibians,
development from fish, 73-75;
ancestral groups, 173
analogies, 65
anomalies, 119;
as oddities in
evolution, 26, 28, 30; to paradigm, 120
anthropic principle, 104
anthropologists, 97;
how they view fossils, 80-82, 176-177
archaebacteria, 182;
description, 93;
in relation to pan-spermia, 108
archaeopteryx, 49, 78-79, 153, 166, 174
argument, rules of, 8;
understanding,13, 14

Arkansas, balanced treatment statute, 111, 156, 184

artifact theory, 55, 56, 167
artificial selection, 17-20, 29, 68, 159

Asimov, Isaac, 69(n), 158

assumptions, of Darwinist scientists, 13, 91, 106-107, 144, 180, 181;
of mathematical models, 22, 38;
in molecular evidence, 95-96;
of scientific naturalists, 116;
and paradigms, 118- 120
australopithecines, 80(n), 82-83, 176-177

Ayala, Francisco, 168, 180, 181

B
Bacon, Francis, 146

bacteria, 92;
and resistance to antibiotics, 25-26;
ancient, 54;
in relation to pan-spermia, 108;
mutations, 164
balanced treatment legislation, 3, 7, 111, 156, 184
basilosaurus, 84, 178

Bateson, William, 168
bats, evolution of, 41, 53
Bennetta, William, 128
Bethell, Tom, 157
biochemistry, 90, 94
Bird, Wendell R., 161, 174, 184
birds, evolution from reptiles, 78-79
Bowden, Malcolm, 175
Brady, R. H., 160
Brennan, Justice William, 6, 7
British Natural History Museum, 9, 23, 80;
controversy, 133-139, 187
Brown, Michael H., 177
Bryan, William Jennings, 5, 6, 58, 59
Burgess shale, 55, 167

C
Cairns-Smith, A. G., 24, 106, 109-110, 160, 182-183
California, Policy Statement and Science Framework, 140-144, 160, 187- 188
Cambrian explosion, 54-56, 127, 167
Cann, Rebecca, 178
catastrophism, 45, 57
Chatterjee, Sankar, 78(n)
chemical evolution , 101 - 102, 105
cladism, 134, 138
classification, 80(n), 87, 97;

biological, 63-66, 171-173;
molecular, 91;
by cladistics, 134

coelacanth, 74, 173
common ancestors, in Darwinian evolution, 16, 64, 144, 150, 151, 180;
problems finding, 66, 70-71, 86-87, 89-90, 96, 98-99
compatibilism, 126- 127
constitutional law, 6, 7, 155-157
Cooke, Harold, 5
Corner, E., 104, 179-180
creation, 8, 10, 14, 32-33, 45, 68, 115, 127(n), 140, 163, 166-167, 182, 188;

contrasted with evolution, 3, 4, 7, 113;
Darwin and, 65, 162;
see also special creation
creation story, scientific naturalists’, 83, 116, 122, 131, 153
creation-science,
creation-scientists, 14, 68, 126, 127(n), 175, 178, 184;
definition, 4(n);
in schools, 11, 156;
balanced treatment with evolution-science, 3, 100, 111-113;
compared with science, 112-113, 174;
as characterized by National Academy of Sciences, 6-9
creationism, creationists, 68, 116, 134, 139, 179, 188;
distinguished from creation-science, 4(n), 113;
as seen by the Academy, 8, 156;
compared with evolution, 9, 10, 131;
attitudes of Darwinists toward, 43, 57, 69(n), 76, 81, 107, 158, 162, 170;
and the ASA, 128;
and education, 140, 144

Creator, 3, 4, 14, 16, 41, 112, 115,126, 127(n), 131;

as designer, 113;
as First Cause, 114(n);
as Demiurge,117;
exclusion from Darwinism, 89, 101, 151;
as viewed by materialist scientists, 43, 70, 108, 153;
“mistakes” by, 31, 35(n), 71

Crick, Francis, and pan-spermia, 108, 109, 182
Cuvier, 45, 165
Cytochrome c, 92, 94, 142-143,188

D
Darrow, Clarence, 5, 6, 58, 157
Darwin, Charles, 9, 13, 21, 24, 30, 36,45, 56, 58, 61, 67, 70-71, 97, 109-110, 130, 133-137, 139, 152, 160, 165-166, 168, 179, 188,

his contribution to evolutionary theory, 12,15-17, 22, 32, 149;
his materialism, 33,44,162-163;
and the fossil record, 34, 46, 49, 54, 57, 59, 80, 85, 87, 153, 169-171
and classification, 64-66, 91, 172;
and origin of life, 101;
and religion, 124,163-164

Darwinism, Darwinists, throughout;definitions, 4, 4(n), 15-17, 67
Dawkins, Richard, 13, 38, 61, 88, 157,161-164, 169;

and atheism, 9;
scorn for non-believers, 9;
and the eye, 34, 35;
and macromutations, 41-42, 183;
and the fossil record, 54, 87;
and the origin of life, 104,105
de Beer, Sir Gavin, 139, 172

Demiurge, 117, 185
Denton, Michael, 36, 172-173, 179-80, 182
descent of man, 80-83, 176-178
descent with modification, 16, 63, 65-67, 71-72, 98, 149
Dewar, Douglas, 166, 167, 178
Dewey, John, 129
differential survival, 12, 17, 25, 95,160
directed pan-spermia, 108, 182
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 13, 84, 128-130 ,150, 158, 172, 175, 185-186
Dose, Klaus, 106, 107, 183

E
Edey, Maitland, 91,130-131, 157,175, 182
Ediacarans, 54, 55(n), 167
education, Chapter 11 (pp. 133-144)
Einstein, Albert, 66, 146
Eldredge, Niles, 50, 52-53, 59-61, 118, 128, 167-169
empiricism, 115, 116
essentialism, 64
eukaryotes, 54, 92
evolution, throughout;

definitions, 9,10, 12, 56, 69, 113, 139, 151;
contrasted with creation, 1-4;
and truth, 121, 141;
in the schools, 6, 7,11,50,58, 127-128, 140, 158, 184;
in textbooks, 6, 11, 50, 58, 127,141-144, 152, 160-161, 170;
and education, 132-144
extinction(s), 142, 160, 168;
Darwin's theory of, 46, 49, 87, 161;
mass, 55, 57-59,88, 169-171

eye, evolution of, 34-36, 41(n), 67, 68(n), 85, 93, 115

F
fact and theory in evolution, 11 - 13, 39, 43, 62-72, 134-137, 139, 141-143, 149, 151-152 , 156,159-160,165, 166-167, 175, 181
fact-value distinction, 126
falsifiability,

Popper's criterion, 120,147, 149, 185;
as characteristic of science, 112
falsification,
protecting the theory from, 47, 68, 71, 95;
Einstein and, 146;
Darwinism and, 153,154

finches, Darwin’s, 19; variations in, 25
Fix, William R., 175
Flew, Anthony, 138, 187
fossil record, Chapter 4 (pp. 45-62), 6, 36, 38, 72, 75, 83, 86, 97, 173-174,179;

problems for Darwinism, 33, 34, 67(n), 78, 93, 98, 115, 121, 139,169-171, 180;
Darwinist arguments dealing with, 65, 66, 87, 134,
149, 152-153, 171

fruitflies,

experiments on, 19, 68, 159;
variations, 53;
and heterozygosity, 181

fundamentalists, 100, 111, 126, 138, 144, 163, 185
Futuyma, Douglas, 13, 17, 25-26, 31, 53, 70-71, 76, 128, 152, 158-159, 166, 172-174, 185, 188

G
Gingerich, Philip, 178
Gish, Duane, 112, 113, 174
God frey, Lau rie, 167, 170-171, 179
Goldschmidt, Richard, 37-41, 43, 60-61, 164-165, 168, 172
Gould,StephenJay, 11, 13, 16(n), 34, 36-37, 39-42, 50, 52-62, 66-68, 70-73, 75-76, 79-80, 83, 100 117-118, 124-125, 128, 130, 135,
156-157, 160, 163-169, 172-173, 175, 185-187
gradualism, 38, 41, 62, 134-135, 142, 167;

as essential to Darwinism, 33, 43;
problem with, 50-52, 67(n), 163

Grasse, Pierre, 18, 19, 27, 37, 43, 158-159, 165, 173
Greene, John C., 186

H
Haeckel, Ernst, 101
Haldane,J. B. S., 20, 21, 102-103
Halstead, L. B., 134, 135, 187
heterozygosity, 95, 181
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 162, 163, 165
hominids, 72, 79-84, 176-177
homologies, 65, 77, 86, 172, 181
hopeful monster, 37, 39-40, 139, 164, 168
Hopson, James A ., 174
Hoyle, Fred, 104, 183
human origins, 79-84
humanism, Humanist Manifesto, 128, 129, 131
Hume, David, 147
Huxley, Julian, 13, 27, 31, 128, 150, 162, 186, 188
Huxley, T. H., 13, 28, 33, 46, 61, 67, 163, 168

I
induction as a basis for science, 146, 147
intelligent design, 17, 117, 144, 188
intermediates, see also transitional intermediates

J
Johanson, Donald, 91, 130-131, 157, 174-175, 177-178, 182
Joyce, Gerald, 106-108, 183

K
K-T extinction, K-T
boundary, 57, 169-170
Kettlewell, 26-28, 160
Kimura, Motoo, 94-96, 180-181
Kristol, Irving, 10, 11, 13, 124-125, 130, 157, 172, 185
Kuhn,Thomas, 118-121, 184

L
Le Gros Clark, Wilfred, 82, 175
Leakey, Louis, 80(n), 186
Leakey, Richard, 158, 174, 178
legal cases, 3-6, 111, 112, 155-158, 184
legal reasoning, rules of; 156
Lewin, Roger, 81, 157, 174, 177, 181
Lewontin, Richard, 135(n)
life, definition, 109, 110
Linnaeus, 91
logic, logical arguments, 20, 23-24, 64-65, 88-89, 98, 135, 149, 160, 181
logical positivism, 148
Louisiana, balanced-treatment statute, 3, 4, 6-7, 100, 1 55- 1 56
Lyell, Charles, 15, 33, 45-46, 162-163, 165-166

M
Macbeth, Norman, 20, 159
macroevolution, 40, 50, 52, 68-69, 77, 105, 140, 152, 153, 168-169, 179
macromula[ions, 32, 37, 40-43, 52, 88
mammal-like reptiles, 49, 72, 75-77, 84, 173-174
Mann, Alan, 178
Marxism, 145, 146
Mayr, Ernst, 20, 35, 38, 40, 43, 80, 89, 134, 158, 161, 164, 169, 180
mechanism, 53, 113, 178;

of evolution, 12, 30, 32, 41, 67, 88, 115, 137, 139, 149;
non-Darwinian, 10, 89;
problems with, 56, 66, 79, 98-99, 172

Medawar, Sir Peter, 38, 43
metaphysics, 148, 151, 159
microevolution, 1 15;
as proof of “fact of evolution,” 68, 69, 173
micromutations, 37, 38, 40, 42, 89, 93
Miller, Stanley, 102, 103, 183
Miller-Urey experiment, 102, 183
mitochondrial Eve, 83, 177
molecular clock, 83, 94, 96-98, 142-143, 153, 182
molecular distance, 92, 93
molecular evidence, Chapter 7 (pp. 86-99), 85, 1 80- 1 82
mosaic evolution, 53, 152, 165
mutations,

Chapter 3.(pp. 32-44), 10, 29, 51-52, 94-95, 98(n), 102, 144, 164-165, 168, 181;
definition, 16-17;
limitations of, 10, 4 7, 168

N
naked gene, 105, 182
National Academy of Sciences, 13(n), 14;

and Supreme Court, 7, 8, 28, 120;
and pamphlet on Science and Creationism, 123, 125-127, 156, 185

natural law, 112, 113
natural selection, Chapter 2 (pp. 15-31);

as basis for Darwinism, 4(n), 10, 33, 38, 41, 58(n), 88-90, 98, 109, 139, 149-151, 158, 184;
theory of, 93-96;
evidence for 25-27;
evidence against, 26;
arguments justifying, 28-31;
as a philosophical necessity, 28;
limilatiolls of, 53, 67-68, 115, 134-145, 137(n), 168, 181;
in relation to molecular clock, 142-143

naturalism, 114-116; 121-122, 150, 153-154;
definition, 114(n)
Neanderthal Man, 80(n), 82
Nebraska Man, 5, 82, 157
Nelson, Careth, 74, 138, 173, 187
neo-Darwinists, 15, 16(n), 20, 37, 40, 53, 84, 137, 158, 172
neutral evolution, neutral theory, 88, 94-96, 98, 143, 180-181

O
Oparin, Alexander, 102, 103
origin of life, (chapter 8 (pp. 100-110), 10, 13, 24, 93, 99, 1 14, 160, 182, 183
Origin of Species, The, 15-17, 22, 47, 54, 71, 78, 87, 101, 137-138, 149-150, 162, 164-166, 172, 184, 188
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 5, 6, 157
Overton, Judge William, 112, 113, 115, 120, 156, 184

P
Pagels, Heinz, 116, 117, 185
paleontologists,
paleontology, 22, 49, 67, 74, 76, 78, 142, 165, 173;

precommitment to Darwinism, 48, 57-61, 84, 152, 167, 178;
opposing Darwinism, 47, 48, 50-51, 55(n), 166, 170

pan-selectionism, 89, 180
paradigms, scientific, 118-121
Patterson, Colin, 9, 10, 12, 23-24, 157, 160
peppered moth, 26, 27, 68, 69(n), 160-161
phenotype, 89, 89(n)
philosophy of science, Chapter 9 (pp. 111-122)
physical anthropology, 80-83
Piltdown Man, 5, 80, 186-187
plantbreedillg, 17, 159
plants, evolution of, 12, 41(n), 92, 106, 151, 179-180
pleiotropy, 29, 30
Popper, Karl, 21, 22, 120, 136, 145-149, 151-154, 159, 185, 188
prebiological evolution, (Chapter 12 (pp. 100-110), 182-183
prebiotic soup, 102-104, 106
Press, Frank, 123, 153
prokaryotes, 54, 92-93, 98
Provine, William, 124, 125, 186
pseudoscience, (Chapter 12 (pp. 145-154), 128, 185
punctuated equilibrium, 50, 52, 58, 60-61,118, 139, 152, 168- 169, 171
purpose, intelligent, 19, 154;

beyond natural laws, 3, 4(n), 71, 113, 118, 162;
in evolution, 109-110, 144;
Darwinism opposed to, 8, 114, 117, 124, 185;
author's, 13, 15

R
random challges, 16(n), 17, 22, 42-43
Raup, David, 170, 171
reducing atmosphere, 103
relationship, biological & evolutionary, 63, 66, 86, 91, 97-98, 134, 151-152
religion, Chapter 10 (pp. 123-132)
rhipidistians, 74, 173
Ridley, Mark, 69, 159, 173
RNA, RNA sequences, 92, 103, 105-107
Ruse, Michael, 112, 113, 135, 160, 184, 187

S
Sagan, Carl, 104, 182
saltations, 32, 40, 49, 88
Sarich, Vincent, 97, 128
Scalia, Justice Antonin, 7, 100-101, 156
Scherer, Siegfried, 182
Schindewolf, Otto, 40, 60, 168, 171
Schutzenberger, 39
Schwabe, Christian, 181
science, definition, 112-122, 146, 154;

and religion defined and contrasted, 7, 8, 14, 28, 124-126;
and view of religion, 8, 9

scientific hypothesis,
natural selection as, 24-28, 53, 66, 83, 153
scientific naturalism, see naturalism
selective breeding, 149, 159
self-organizing systems, 183
sexual selection, 30, 137, 161
Shapiro, Robert, 101, 182-183
Simpson, George Gaylord, 13, 20-21, 24, 49, 60, 77, 113-114, 126, 134, 168, 171, 185
snakes, evolution of, 41, 42, 67
special creation, 4, 33, 39, 61, 112-113, 180
speciation, 19, 40, 52-53, 58, 68, 168, 175
species, throughout; definition, 19, 51 (n);
limitations, 18
stabilizing selection, 53, 88, 152
Stahl, Barbara, 74, 173-174
Stanley, Steven, 50, 51, 53, 59, 67, 84, 102, 167, 175
stasis, 23, 50-53, 56-58, 60, 87-88, 94, 118, 121, 152, 169
statutes, 6, 7, 111-112, 184
Supreme Court, U.S., 6, 7, 28, 100, 120, 155-157, 184;
Tennessee, 5

T
tautology, 159, 160; natural selection as, 20-23, 29, 53, 58, 95-96;

evolution as, 66;
Darwin's theory as, 120

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 129, 175, 186
theistic evolution, 127
therapsids, 75-77, 153, 173-174
transitionals, transitional
intermediates, 36, 46-48, 51, 53-57, 64, 66, 72-80, 87, 89-90, 96, 161, 171

U
Ulam, D. S., 38, 39
uniformitarianism, 69, 173; see also gradualism
Urey, Harold, 102, 103, 183

V
vertebrate sequence, Chapter 6 (pp. 73-85), 72, 173

W
Waddington, C. D., 21, 22, 38-39, 43, 159
Walcott, Charles, 55
Welenhofer, Peter, 78, 174
whales, evolution of, 53, 66, 84-85, 93-94, 178-179
Wilson, Allan, 178, 180-181
wings, evolution of, 35, 36, 41(n), 54, 67, 68(n), 78, 88-89, 93, 115
Wirth, Kevin, 155
Wistar Institute debate between mathematicians and biologists, 38-39, 164
Woese, 92, 93

Z
Zuckerman, Solly, 81-83, 175-177

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