Devils Tower can be explained by floodwater runoff
by Michael J. Oard
Devils Tower, Wyoming, is likely the conduit of an eroded volcano, but there are
three other hypotheses for its origin. Regardless, more than 300 m of High Plains
sedimentary rock was eroded with the Tower hardly touched. The uniformitarian story,
as formerly stated on a road sign north of the Tower, is that erosion of the High
Plains sedimentary rocks took more than 40 Ma. That sign has been replaced, and
it now says it took only 1 to 2 Ma. However, the erosion of such a vertical tower
should be rapid and complete well within 100,000 years. Although the Tower is actively
eroding today, it has not decreased much in size, implying a very recent exposure.
Such a deduction is consistent with the sheet flow erosion during the runoff of
the floodwater: a contention contrary to the uniformitarian paradigm.
Figure 1. Devils Tower in northeast Wyoming, United States. Note
the vertical fractures, called joints, that should result in rapid erosion from
the freeze-thaw mechanism.
Devils Tower in the Powder River basin of northeast Wyoming, United States, is one
of the most impressive erosional remnants on Earth (figure 1). It stands 390 m high
above the Belle Fouche River, reaching an altitude of 1,560 m above sea level. It
is about 275 m above the general altitude of the plains. Because of its scenic beauty
and scientific interest, President Theodore Roosevelt established Devils Tower and
a small area surrounding it as the first national monument in 1906.
The vertical, round tower is 300 m in diameter at its base and is composed of phonolite
porphyry, a hard igneous intrusive rock. The same rock also intrudes elsewhere through
sedimentary rocks in the region.1
For instance, just west of Devils Tower are the Missouri Buttes with the same kind
of rock.
Figure 2. The ‘feathers’ of eastern Washington, United
States, composed of a single row of large columns from the Columbia River Basalt.
The features were exposed by erosion on either side by the Lake Missoula flood.
When the igneous rock of Devils Tower cooled and contracted, vertical columns with
regular cracks were formed similar to those in the large basalt flows cooled in
the extensive Columbia River Basalt flows in Washington, northern Oregon, and adjacent
Idaho (figure 2). A Kiowa Native American legend suggests the vertical columns were
caused by a great bear raking the sides in trying to get to some children at the
top of the Tower. The phonolite porphyry is believed to be 33 to 55 Ma (million
years) old and therefore erupted in the early to middle Cenozoic of the uniformitarian
timescale.1
The origin of Devils Tower
The circular shape of the Tower and the vertical columns has led most geologists
to believe that Devils Tower is the conduit or “throat” that was once
below a volcano.2,3 If so, it had to erupt through sedimentary rocks
that were near or above the top of the tower. Thus, over 300 m of sedimentary rocks
have been eroded from around the Tower, and by inference, from this entire region
of northeast Wyoming. This much erosion is reinforced by reference to the Pumpkin
Buttes, a sedimentary erosional remnant, farther south in the middle of the Powder
River basin.4
Figure 3. A road sign that used to be at Devils Tower National
Monument showing the uniformitarian interpretation of slow erosion over millions
of years. According to uniformitarianism, just the top 25% of the Tower was exposed
40 Ma ago. Erosion since then has lowered the hard sandstone and soft shales of
the High Plains about 185 m, while the Tower remained almost untouched.
However, there are two other hypotheses for the origin of Devils Tower. A second
hypothesis is that the Tower represents an igneous intrusion, called a stock, that
solidified deep underground. A third hypothesis postulates that Devils Tower is
an eroded laccolith, which is a mushroom-shaped, igneous intrusion. A fourth idea,
shown on the new road sign (see figure 4) states that Devils Tower is a remnant
of a sill, which is lava squirted and solidified between two layers of sedimentary
rocks.
However, the erosion of a stock or laccolith is unlikely to produce such a circular
feature as Devils Tower, and the suggestion that erosion of a sill would result
in such a circular tower is forced. The first hypothesis, that of a volcanic neck,
is the most reasonable explanation.
Figure 4. A new road sign which says that Devils Tower became exposed
in only 1 to 2 Ma.
Regardless of which hypothesis is correct, the important point is that Devils Tower
was once completely covered by sedimentary rocks, and this rock was eroded
to expose Devils Tower. A sign in the visitor’s center even states that the
sedimentary rock was once 2.4 km thick and eroded over 50 Ma, which means that the
sedimentary rock is believed to have been six times the height of Devils Tower.
I do not think there is any evidence for this uniformitarian belief, but we do know
that the sedimentary rocks had to be thicker by 300 m to cover the Tower.
The changing story of high plains erosion
Devils Tower was once completely covered by sedimentary rocks, and this rock was
eroded to expose Devils Tower.
A previous road sign north of Devils Tower National Monument described the length
of time for the exposure of Devils Tower (figure 3). Geologists believed that the
top 25% was exposed 40 Ma ago. So, the remainder of the sedimentary rock took 40
Ma to erode to the present landscape. But, this requires Devil Tower to remain with
little change in its diameter or height for 40 Ma! How could both hard
sandstone and soft shale from the High Plains be eroded without any significant
erosion of the Tower itself? Furthermore, the plains sediments are not found in
some huge flood plain to the east or southeast (downslope). The sediments have been
swept clean from the continent.
Figure 5. Steamboat Rock, a 275 m high erosional remnant of basalt
lava in the Upper Grand Coulee, Washington. The lava around Steamboat Rock was eroded
in a few days by the lake Missoula flood.
Figure 6. Schematic of Devils Tower erosion with realistic erosion
rates over millions of years.
However, this story of slow erosion with the Tower hardly eroded in 40 Ma must have
seemed outrageous even to uniformitarian scientists. In fact, the sign has been
replaced (figure 4). Admitting that the origin of the prominent rock obelisk remains
“somewhat obscure”, the sign goes on to state how the Tower has become
exposed in only the past 1 to 2 Ma! So, instead of the extremely slow erosion of
the Plains sandstone and shale, 300 m of erosion has occurred within 2 Ma. This
is a rather radical change of ideas on the High Plains erosion rate. Whereas the
previous estimate was much too slow, compared to today’s erosion rate, the
new estimate now seems too fast, especially in view of the fact that the Tower has
changed its diameter little in all that time.
Why should Devils Tower remain standing for millions of years?
The measurement of river sediment output into the oceans5 indicates that all of North America would have been
eroded flat to sea level in just 10 Ma. However, this does ignore a range of geotectonic
factors. Regardless, a maximum erosion time to level North America is probably no
more than 40 to 50 Ma.
The survival of Devils Tower is especially puzzling because vertical rock faces
are more erosive, being affected by gravity with rock slides and falls.
The survival of Devils Tower is especially puzzling because vertical rock faces
are more erosive, being affected by gravity with rock slides and falls. Furthermore,
the extensive vertical cracks of the tower would be prone to destruction by freeze-thaw
weathering. Cracks fill with water during storms, and as the water freezes during
the cold months, the cracks enlarge. One would expect blocks of rock to frequently
break free and fall to the base of the tower each winter. And indeed that is what
is observed:
Figure 7. Schematic of Flood runoff erosion of the sedimentary
rocks around Devils Tower, leaving the Tower as an erosional remnant after the Flood.
“While living near the base of the Tower in November 1954, during periods
of frost action at nights one could hear blocks crash onto the talus. This would
happen typically after a snowfall … On a warm sunny day the snow would melt
and the moisture would enter the joints [vertical cracks] in the Tower. After dark,
the water would freeze and expand, which over time continues to force blocks from
the Tower and build more talus.”6
Devils Tower should have been destroyed quickly, surely in less than 100,000 years.
But, most perplexing (to uniformitarian geologists) is that the Tower appears to
be close to the same size today as when it was first exposed:
“There is no evidence to support the idea that these masses of igneous rock
were appreciably larger than they are at present, or at least larger than the present
area covered by their talus aprons.”7
Furthermore, the amount of talus around Devils Tower is modest,8 reinforcing the deduction that erosion was both
fast and recent.
Flood explanation
It seems that the only way to explain Devils Tower is to allow for the rapid erosion
of the High Plains sedimentary rocks by a wide sheet of flowing water, leaving behind
an erosional remnant of the lava conduit. This is consistent with sheet flow erosion
as the floodwater was draining off the continent.9,10
The Tower remained tall after the Flood probably because the rock from the Tower
was more resistant and/or the current erosion rates were reduced in the area.
The Tower remained tall after the Flood probably because the rock from the Tower
was more resistant and/or the current erosion rates were reduced in the area.
Floods typically leave behind erosional remnants. For instance, the Lake Missoula
flood in the upper Grand Coulee eroded through 275 m of basalt lava in a matter
of days. In the middle of the Upper Grand Coulee lies a 275 m erosional remnant
left after the flood,11
called Steamboat Rock (figure 5).
Figure 6 is a schematic of what should happen to Devils Tower if High Plains erosion
occurred over millions of years in the uniformitarian paradigm, based on what we
know of present erosion rates. In contrast, figure 7 is a schematic of erosion expected
during Flood runoff, leaving behind a tall, little eroded, vertical tower that has
not decreased in size much since it was exposed. Clearly, the Flood paradigm better
fits the evidence.
Readers’ commentsGwen T., Australia
The first time I saw Devils Tower was in the movie, Close Encounters of the Third Kind. I wasn’t a Christian so was quite fascinated by it’s structure and half believed there was something ‘alien’ about it. Now, it makes so much sense to know it’s of volcanic origin in a rapidly eroded area. I see similar things on a much smaller scale in the Warrumbungle Mountains in NSW, the Breadknife being one such formation. The world makes much more sense when I can see the Biblical timescale in things.
Merrilla G., Canada
When I saw the Devil’s Tower some years ago, and read the explanation of how it originated, I knew that couldn’t be correct. I am not a geologist, but I thought, this is a volcano that eroded away during the flood, leaving only the central column standing. This is the first time I have seen that explanation confirmed by other creationists. However it seemed very obvious to me. Thank-you. (Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings…) |
Related articles
References
- Robinson, C.S. and Davis, R.E., Geology of Devils Tower,
Wyoming, Devils Tower Natural History Association, p. 1, 1995.
Return to text.
- Blackstone, Jr., D.L., Traveler’s Guide to the Geology
of Wyoming, 2nd ed., Geological Survey of Wyoming Bulletin 67, Geological
Survey of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, p. 42, 1988. Return to text.
- Lageson, D.R. and Spearing, D.R., Roadside Geology of
Wyoming, Mountain Press, Missoula, MT, pp. 98–100, 1988.
Return to text.
- Blackstone, ref. 2, pp. 94–95. Return
to text.
- Roth, A.A., Origins—Linking Science and Scripture,
Review and Herald Publishing, Hagerstown, MD, pp. 263–266, 1998.
Return to text.
- Robinson and Davis, ref. 1, p. 36. Return
to text.
- Robinson and Davis, ref. 1, p. 58. Return
to text.
- Robinson and Davis, ref. 1, pp. 57–58.
Return to text.
- Walker, T., A biblical geological model; in: Walsh, R.E. (Ed.),
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, technical
symposium sessions, Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 581–592,
1994. Return to text.
- Oard, M. J., Flood by Design: Receding Water Shapes the
Earth’s Surface, Green Forest, AR, 2008. Return to text.
- Oard, M. J., The Missoula Flood Controversy and the Genesis
Flood, Creation Research Society Monograph No. 13, Creation Research Society,
Chino Valley, AZ, p. 109, 2004. Return to text.
| It has been said that “Information is power”. When it comes to creation information we’d have to agree. Keep the ‘powerful’ evidence for God being Creator coming.  | | |
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