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2009
How can distant starlight reach us in just 6,000 years?
by Mark Harwood
Published: 17 January 2009(GMT+10)
Image Wikipedia
Supernova
The following question was received from JD in response to one of the World by Design
presentations in Australia recently, after I had earlier answered orally on the
Hobart part of the World By Design tour.
“God is not a man that He should lie, nor a son of man
that He should change His mind.” (Numbers 23:19, NIV)
The above Scripture reference summarizes the essential trustworthiness of God. In
view of this, if the entire universe (and not just the earth) was created approximately
6,000 years ago, how do you understand such events as, for example, supernova 1987A,
in which a star exploded at a distance of approximately 170,000 light years from
the solar system?
The astronomical distance scale is of course not absolute, but there is little basis
for believing it to be overestimated by a factor of about 30 at such a relatively
close distance. Other astronomical observations appear to represent vastly more
distant objects, seen therefore at a much earlier epoch.
To suggest that the entire observable universe was created with a history of events
(that never actually occurred) seems to be inconsistent with the character of the
God described in the Bible.
I will now address each of the issues in the order in which JD has raised them:
“God is not a man that He should lie, nor a son of man
that He should change His mind.” (Numbers 23:19, NIV)
The above Scripture reference summarizes the essential trustworthiness of God.
Indeed, and it is God’s trustworthiness that provided the basis for the study
and development of science in the first place and is why science developed in cultures
that held a Judeo-Christian worldview (See the
first chapter of Refuting Evolution by J Sarfati). Also, God’s trustworthiness
provides the basis for our understanding of the perspicuity of Scripture, that is,
the belief that it was written to be understood and that God would not deceive or
mislead us. The plain meaning of the opening chapters of Genesis can, therefore,
be taken as an historical account of what actually happened during the Creation
Week, the Fall, the Flood and the dispersion at the Tower of Babel.
Of course, it doesn’t follow that statements made by fallible people
based on their observations of the physical world are necessarily valid or trustworthy.
In view of this, if the entire universe (and not just the earth) was created approximately
6,000 years ago, how do you understand such events as, for example, supernova 1987A,
in which a star exploded at a distance of approximately 170,000 light years from
the solar system?
The supernova 1987A was observed in 1987 (hence its name) and is generally accepted
as being 170,000 light years away (See also
this article which includes a section on supernova 1987A). On the surface,
it would appear that the light has been travelling for 170,000 years which is not
consistent with a 6,000 year old universe. But the question is, by which clocks
is the time being measured?
The astronomical distance scale is of course not absolute, but there is little basis
for believing it to be overestimated by a factor of about 30 at such a relatively
close distance. Other astronomical observations appear to represent vastly more
distant objects, seen therefore at a much earlier epoch.
Big bangers have exactly the same problem. That is, the background radiation temperature
is almost uniform, …. However, there hasn’t been nearly enough time for
[energy transfer] to occur even in the assumed time since the alleged big bang
It’s interesting to note that big bangers have exactly the same problem.
That is, the background radiation temperature is almost uniform, to one part in
100,000, at about 2.725 K, even when we look in the opposite directions of the cosmos.
Since the big bang would predict hugely different temperatures, how did they become
so even? Only if energy was transferred from hot parts to cold parts. However, there
hasn’t been nearly enough time for this to occur even in the assumed time
since the alleged big bang—see the instructive article
Light-travel time: a problem for the big bang by Ph.D. astrophysicist
Jason Lisle.
The misotheistic publication New Scientist admitted
in
13 things that do not make sense (19 March 2005, updated 14 April 2009):
This “horizon problem” is a big headache for cosmologists, so big that
they have come up with some pretty wild solutions. “Inflation”, for
example. You can solve the horizon problem by having the universe expand ultra-fast
for a time, just after the big bang, blowing up by a factor of 1050 in
10–33 seconds. But is that just wishful thinking?
Other big bangers have tried to cure this headache by proposing that the speed of
light was much faster in the past, e.g.
João Magueijo and
John Barrow. Yet when some
creationists proposed something similar a few decades ago, it was
a heresy! I.e. anything goes when it comes to rescuing the big bang dogma, but rescuing
Genesis by exactly the same means is verboten. However, the observations of uniformity
in the cosmic background radiation, which defy plausible evolutionary explanations,
are consistent with a single Creator of space and time who holds the universe together
(Colossians 1:17).
To suggest that the entire observable universe was created with a history of events
(that never actually occurred) seems to be inconsistent with the character of the
God described in the Bible.
Image NASA
Nebula
Agreed. One idea which has been put forward to address this problem is that God
created the information about such events in the ‘light’ beam on its
way to Earth. However, this would imply a deceptive act by God if the event had
never actually occurred. Most creationists would not support this idea. (See Alex
Williams and John Hartnett, Functional creation and the appearance of age, pages
168–173 in:
Dismantling the Big Bang.)
Recent developments in creationist cosmology offer an elegant explanation of the
distant starlight question which is consistent with the Genesis account of creation
and is based on recent astronomical observations and Einstein’s General Relativity
equations. Whilst a detailed explanation of this new cosmology is beyond the scope
of this Feedback article, it is explained more fully in the book
Starlight, Time and the New Physics by John Hartnett. Hartnett’s explanation
is an extrapolation from General Relativity, based on the expansion of the universe
and 5D (space-time-velocity) Cosmological General Relativity as developed by Carmeli.
One of the powerful confirming aspects of this cosmology is that the highly speculative
big bang concepts of dark matter and dark energy are not required to explain the
observations made in the far reaches of the cosmos—see
Has dark matter really been proven?
Another model, also based on General Relativity, developed by Russell Humphreys
is explained in his book
Starlight and Time and the associated
DVD of the same name.
This article attempts to provide a framework for understanding the answer to the
distant starlight question. The key elements are time dilation, the recent observations
showing that we live in a galacto-centric universe and the Scriptural references
to God ‘stretching out the heavens’ on Day 4 of the Creation Week.
Time dilation
An experimentally verified prediction of Einstein’s General Relativity Theory
is a phenomenon called gravitational time dilation. It has long been established
that gravity affects the rate at which time flows in any particular location in
the universe. A graphic example of this phenomenon is the GPS satellite navigation
system which is becoming a standard feature in many motor vehicles today.
It has long been established that gravity affects the rate at which time flows in
any particular location in the universe. A graphic example of this phenomenon is
the GPS satellite navigation system which is becoming a standard feature in many
motor vehicles today.
One’s position is determined by comparing the time taken for signals from
a number of the satellites, which are visible at any one time, to reach the receiver
so very high precision timing is needed. The constellation of satellites orbits
the earth at an altitude of about 20,000km. At this height, the atomic clocks on
board the satellites run faster than the same clocks on earth by 42 microseconds
per day. The satellites are travelling at around 12,000 km per hour which produces
an opposing relativistic effect of slowing the clocks down by about 5 microseconds
per day. The combined effect is that the clocks on the GPS satellites run 38 microseconds
per day faster than equivalent earth-bound clocks. Why does this matter? If this
time difference was ignored and no compensation made, the position errors would
build up at a rate of about 400m per hour which would render the system completely
useless!
Another mechanism for time dilation is rapid acceleration of the fabric of space
in an expanding universe. This is explained more fully in Hartnett’s book
referenced above.
We live in a galactocentric universe
When Edwin Hubble discovered the redshift in the spectra of stars and galaxies and
interpreted them as distance (known as the Hubble Law), he was horrified at the
implication that the Earth could be in a special place.
Standard big bang theory has it that the universe has neither a centre nor an edge
which is an assumption, called the Cosmological Principle, designed to avoid the
earth being a special place. If the Earth was special in any way, it would imply
design and thus a Designer which flies in the face of atheistic evolutionary belief.
When Edwin Hubble discovered the redshift in the spectra of stars and galaxies and
interpreted them as distance (known as the Hubble Law), he was horrified at the
implication that the Earth could be in a special place. He wrote:
‘Such a condition [red shifts] would imply that we occupy a unique position
in the universe … But the unwelcome supposition of a favoured location must
be avoided at all costs … [and] is intolerable … moreover, it represents
a discrepancy with the theory because the theory postulates homogeneity.’1
In fact, Hubble in his later works rejected the velocity interpretation of the redshift,
and instead preferred ideas such as ‘tired light’, to reject the big
bang and expanding universe in favour of an infinite stationary one.2
Recent surveys3,4 have measured the galactic redshift for around 250,000
galaxies and have revealed an over abundance of galaxies at certain redshifts in
which the data departs from the expected theoretical distribution in a series of
large spikes. A straightforward interpretation of this data is that the galaxies
are distributed with a spherical shell-like symmetry with the Milky Way galaxy at
or near the centre! Such a result is entirely consistent with the biblical picture
but is at odds with standard big bang beliefs and is not consistent with the Cosmological
Principle.
God stretched out the heavens
In at least 11 places, the Scriptures speak of God ‘stretching out the heavens’
(e.g. Job 9:8, Isaiah 40:22 and 42:5, Jeremiah 10:12, Zechariah 12:1) and in Genesis 1:15 the words ‘And it was
so.’ are recorded in connection with the events of Day 4 of Creation Week,
implying the completion of the events described on that Day. It is a reasonable
conclusion to draw that God stretched out the heavens to the vast extent of the
observable universe in just one 24 hour day and then ceased the action of ‘stretching
out’. This is more rational than the inflation fudge of big bangers
discussed above. That is, where the universe just happened to expand much
faster than light, although there is no known physical cause for starting or stopping
this superluminal expansion.
We should also note that God
created the Earth first before the sun, moon and stars (and by inference
the planets etc) so it would seem reasonable to assume the universe was stretched
out with the Earth at or very near its centre. Furthermore, Psalm 147:4 and Isaiah 40:26 imply that there is a finite number of
stars in the universe. So, the Bible seems to teach that we live in a finite universe
that has, at the very least, our Milky Way galaxy at its centre.
Distant starlight and the biblical timescale
Artist’s impression of the COBE satellite.
We now have the keys to understanding how starlight can reach us from such vast
distances in just a few thousand years of Earth time. The days of the Creation Week
were recorded from the point of view of an observer on the earth so the time reference
in Genesis is Earth time. On Day 4, as God commenced stretching out the heavens,
the mass of the universe (presumably including the ‘waters above’ which
were separated out on Day 2) would have been confined to a much smaller volume of
space than is the case today. Assuming the Hartnett–Carmeli theory is correct,
the Universe rapidly expanded with massive time dilation as a result of very rapid
acceleration of the fabric of space on Day 4. The Humphreys model5 on the other hand, also based on General Relativity,
has clocks at the outer edge of the cosmos running much faster than earth-bound
clocks because of gravitational time dilation.
By the end of Day 4, when God completed his work of creating the sun, moon and stars,
and had stretched out the heavens to their vast extent, billions of years of cosmic
time could have elapsed at the outer edges of the cosmos in just one 24 hour earth
day. There would have been more than enough time for the light from distant stars
to have reached the earth so that when Adam gazed at the night sky on that sixth
night he would have seen much the same as what we see today.
6,000 years have passed since the Creation Week. If the models outlined above are
correct, the light from any star that is greater than 6,000 light years away from
the earth will have originated on Day 4 itself. This would include most of the visible
stars, all of which are part of the Milky Way galaxy. We are effectively looking
at God’s creative activity on Day 4 as we gaze into the universe!
So what do we make of supernova 1987A? At 170,000 light years away we are looking
at an event that occurred on Day 4 but whose light did not reach us until 1987.
Is an exploding star consistent with a perfect creation? God said that the stars
were created to be for signs and seasons (Genesis 1:14) and God foreknew all that would happen right
from the very beginning. What to us seems to be destruction is actually just a physical
process which does not necessarily denote any lack of perfection in the original
creation. Importantly, there is no loss of biblical life involved (the
creatures affected by death brought about by the Fall were those the Bible calls
נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה (nephesh chayyāh)).6
Related articles
Further reading
Recommended Resources
Related articles
References
- Hubble, E.P., The Observational Approach to Cosmology
The Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 50–59, 1937. Return to
text.
- Assis, A.K.T., Neves, M.C.D. and Soares, D.S.L.,
Hubble s Cosmology: from a finite expanding universe to a static endless universe,
Second Crisis in Cosmology Conference, 7–11 September 2008 | arxiv.org/abs/0806.4481v1
, 27 June 2008. Return to text.
- Two Degree Field Galactic Redshift Survey <www2.aao.gov.au/2dF/>.
Return to text.
- Sloane Digital Sky Survey, <www.sdss.org/>.
Return to text.
- Humphreys, D.R., New time dilation helps creation cosmology,
Journal of Creation 22(3):84–92, 2008.
Return to text.
- See Sarfati, J,.
The Fall: a cosmic catastrophe: Hugh Ross s blunders on plant death in the Bible,
Journal of Creation 19(3):60–64, 2005.
Return to text.
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