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Bacteria ‘evolving in the lab’?
‘A poke in the eye for anti-evolutionists’?
Photo by Eric Erbe, wikipedia
Low-temperature electron micrograph of a cluster of E. coli bacteria, magnified 10,000 times. Each individual bacterium is oblong shaped.
by Don Batten
Some bacteria cultured in a laboratory have gained the ability to use citrate as
an energy source. We have had lots of queries about this matter, so this is our
weekend feedback to all those who have asked.
A New Scientist article proclaims:
‘Lenski’s experiment is also yet another poke in the eye for anti-evolutionists,
notes Jerry Coyne, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Chicago. “The
thing I like most is it says you can get these complex traits evolving by a combination
of unlikely events," he says. “That’s just what creationists say can’t
happen."’1
The many comments posted on the New Scientist website shows just how excited
the atheists are about this report. They are positively gloating.
The context
In 1988, Richard Lenski, Michigan State University, East Lansing, founded 12 cultures
of E. coli and grew them in a laboratory, generation after generation,
for twenty years (he deserves some marks for persistence!). The culture medium had
a little glucose but lots more citrate, so once the microbes consumed the glucose,
they would continue to grow only if they could evolve some way of using citrate.
Lenski expected to see evolution in action. This was an appropriate expectation
for one who believes in evolution, because bacteria reproduce quickly and can have
huge populations, as in this case. They can also sustain higher mutation rates
than organisms with much larger genomes, like vertebrates such as us.2 All of this adds up, according to neo-Darwinism,
to the almost certainty of seeing lots of evolution happen in real time
(instead of imagining it all happening in the unobservable past). With the short
generation times, in 20 years this has amounted to some 44,000 generations, equivalent
to some million years of generations of a human population (but the evolutionary
opportunities for humans would be far, far less, due to the small population numbers
limiting the number of mutational possibilities; and the much larger genome, which
cannot sustain a similar mutation rate without error catastrophe; i.e. extinction;
and sexual reproduction
means that there is 50% chance of failing to pass on a beneficial mutation ).
As noted elsewhere (see ‘Giving
up on reality’), Lenski seemed to have given up on ‘evolution
in the lab’ and resorted to computer modelling of ‘evolution’
with a program called Avida (see evaluation by Dr Royal Truman,
Part 1 and
Part 2, which are technical papers). Indeed, Lenski had good reason
to abandon hope. He had calculated1 that all possible simple mutations must have
occurred several times over but without any addition of even a simple adaptive trait.
Lenski and co-workers now claim that they have finally observed his hoped for evolution
in the lab.
The science: what did they find?
In a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,
Lenski and co-workers describe how one of 12 culture lines of their bacteria has
developed the capacity for metabolizing citrate as an energy source under aerobic
conditions.3
This happened by the 31,500th generation. Using frozen samples of bacteria
from previous generations they showed that something happened at about the 20,000th
generation that paved the way for only this culture line to be able to change to
citrate metabolism. They surmised, quite reasonably, that this could have been a
mutation that paved the way for a further mutation that enabled citrate utilization.
This is close to what Michael Behe calls ‘The Edge of Evolution’—the limit of what
‘evolution’ (non-intelligent natural processes) can do. For example,
an adaptive change needing one mutation might occur every so often just
by chance. This is why the malaria parasite can adapt to most antimalarial drugs;
but chloroquine resistance took much longer to develop because two specific
mutations needed to occur together in the one gene. Even this tiny change is beyond
the reach of organisms like humans with much longer generation times.4 With bacteria, there might be a chance for even
three coordinated mutations, but it’s doubtful that Lenski’s E. coli
have achieved any more than two mutations, so have not even reached Behe’s
edge, let alone progressed on the path to elephants or crocodiles.
Now the popularist treatments of this research (e.g. in New Scientist)
give the impression that the E. coli developed the ability to metabolize
citrate, whereas it supposedly could not do so before. However, this is clearly
not the case, because the citric acid, tricarboxcylic acid (TCA), or Krebs, cycle
(all names for the same thing) generates and utilizes citrate in its normal oxidative
metabolism of glucose and other carbohydrates.5
Furthermore, E. coli is normally capable of utilizing citrate as an energy
source under anaerobic conditions, with a whole suite of genes involved in its fermentation.
This includes a citrate transporter gene that codes for a transporter protein embedded
in the cell wall that takes citrate into the cell.6
This suite of genes (operon) is normally only activated under anaerobic conditions.
this would be the sort of thing that mutations are good at: destroying
things
So what happened? It is not yet clear from the published information, but a likely
scenario is that mutations jammed the regulation of this operon so that the bacteria
produce citrate transporter regardless of the oxidative state of the bacterium’s
environment (that is, it is permanently switched on). This can be likened to having
a light that switches on when the sun goes down—a sensor detects the lack
of light and turns the light on. A fault in the sensor could result in
the light being on all the time. That is the sort of change we are talking about.
Another possibility is that an existing transporter gene, such as the one that normally
takes up tartrate,3 which does not normally transport citrate, mutated such that
it lost specificity and could then transport citrate into the cell. Such
a loss of specificity is also an expected outcome of random mutations. A loss of
specificity equals a loss of information, but evolution is supposed to
account for the creation of new information; information that specifies the enzymes
and cofactors in new biochemical pathways, how to make feathers and bone, nerves,
or the components and assembly of
complex motors such as ATP synthase, for example.
However, mutations are good at destroying things, not creating them. Sometimes
destroying things can be helpful (adaptive),7
but that does not account for the creation of the staggering amount of
information in the DNA of all living things. Behe (in The Edge of Evolution)
likened the role of mutations in antibiotic resistance and pathogen resistance,
for example, to trench warfare, whereby mutations destroy some of the functionality
of the target or host to overcome susceptibility. It’s like putting chewing
gum in a mechanical watch; it’s not the way the watch could have been created.
Much ado about nothing (again)
it has no relevance to the origin of enzymes and catalytic pathways that evolution
is supposed to explain
Behe is quite right; there is nothing here that is beyond ‘the edge of evolution’,
which means it has no relevance to the origin of enzymes and catalytic pathways
that evolution is supposed to explain.8
Related articles
Further reading
Recommended Resources
References
- Holmes, Bob, Bacteria make major evolutionary shift in the lab, NewScientist.com
news service, 09 June 2008. Return to text.
- This is explained in
Weasel, a flexible program for investigating deterministic computer demonstrations
of evolution—see the section headed ‘Error catastrophe’. A
mutation rate of one per million bases per generation generates 1 or 2 new mutations
per cell for a typical bacterium, with the chance of some missing out on harmful
mutations, but the same mutation rate with a human would create more than a 1,000
new ones per individual and every individual would acquire multiple harmful
mutations. Return to text.
- Blount, Z.D., Borland, C.Z. and Lenski, R.E., Historical contingency
and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia
coli, PNAS 105: 7899–7906; published online
on June 4, 2008, 10.1073/pnas.0803151105. This is Lenski’s inaugural paper
as a newly inducted member of the National Academy of Sciences, USA—yet another
dyed-in-the-wool atheistic evolutionist in that august body (see:
National Academy of Science is godless to the core Nature survey).
Return to text.
- See Batten, D., Clarity and confusion, a review of The
Edge of Evolution by Michael Behe,
Journal of Creation 22(1):28–32, April 2008.
Return to text.
- The existence of the TCA cycle in all free-living things is
another huge obstacle for evolutionists to explain: a complex cycle involving a
dozen different enzymes and cofactors that is necessary for a huge part of a cell’s
biochemistry. Return to text.
- Pos, K.M., Dimroth, P. and Bott, M., The Escherichia coli
Citrate Carrier CitT: a Member of a Novel Eubacterial Transporter Family Related
to the 2-Oxoglutarate/Malate Translocator from Spinach Chloroplasts, J. Bacteriol.
180(16):4160–4165, 1998; <www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=107412>.
Return to text.
- See, for example,
Beetle Bloopers (defects can be an advantage sometimes). Return
to text.
-
Michael Behe’s Amazon Blog, 6 June 2008. Return to text.
Published: 14 June 2008(GMT+10)
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