What impact does the detection of gravitational waves have on biblical creation?
Published: 16 February 2016 (GMT+10)
Summary
- Gravitational waves as predicted by Einstein were observed by the LIGO observatories for the first time on September 14, 2015.
- The detection strongly supports Einstein’s general theory of relativity published in 1916 where Einstein predicted such a phenomenon. No evidence for violation of general relativity was observed.
- A binary pair of black holes were observed to coalesce—the first time their existence confirmed.
- Their distance, determined from luminosity, is about 1.3 billion light-years.
- The black holes had masses of 36 M⊙ (mass of Sun) and 29 M⊙ before coalescence and 62 M⊙ after they combined. An equivalent of 3 M⊙ was radiated away as gravitational waves.
- There is very high confidence that the event seen at two widely separated sites must be real. The quality of the detected signals are high and were the same at each site.
- This is, in principle, repeatable (with other binary sources) and therefore is operational science. No fudge factors were invoked.
- The laws of physics used are the created laws of our God.
- The detection provides strong confirmation that the current value of the speed of light has not changed since creation. Therefore the idea of c-decay is ruled out.
- There are other more plausible solutions to the biblical creationist starlight-travel-time problem.
- Big bang cosmology is not operational science. This observation in no way strengthens claims that the alleged big bang happened. The big bang necessarily still needs many unverifiable fudge factors. It is still unreasonable.

The discovery of gravitational waves
On 14 September 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two gravitational wave detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)—one at Hanford, Washington and the other at Livingston, Louisiana—simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal exhibited the classic waveform predicted by Einstein’s general relativity theory for a binary black hole merger, sweeping up in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz, and exhibited a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0 × 10−21 at the detectors.1
The two detectors recorded the same signal, which matched the predicted waveform for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203,000 years, equivalent to a statistical significance greater than 5.1σ (where 1σ represents 1 standard deviation).2 In other words, the detection is highly likely to be real.
The source lies at a luminosity distance of about 1.3 billion light-years corresponding to a redshift z ≈ 0.09.3 The two initial black hole masses were 36 M⊙ and 29 M⊙,4,5 and the final black hole mass is 62 M⊙, with the equivalent of 3 M⊙ radiated as gravitational waves. The observations demonstrate for the first time the existence of a binary stellar-mass black hole system but, more importantly, the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.
The results were published6 in Physical Review Letters (PRL) on 11 February 2016 with a fanfare of public announcements. Interestingly some of my colleagues at the university where I work, which has researchers involved in this discovery, asked why not publish in one of the more prestigious journals Science or Nature? Possibly PRL was a faster option to publish knowing that over one thousand people had to keep silent prior to publication, and Science and Nature have a much longer lead time to publication. Nevertheless it didn’t work, as atheopath Lawrence Krauss tweeted more than a month ago that a detection was confirmed and from that time rumours spread.
The observations are shown in Fig. 1. There is illustrated the waveforms detected by both LIGO detectors, which are located on opposite sides of continental USA, and separated by a distance that takes light about 10 ms to traverse.7 The gravitational-wave event, labelled GW150914,8 was first observed at the Livingston site (L1) and about 7 ms later observed at the Hanford site (H1). The waveforms were extracted by applying a template matched-filter, derived from a general relativistic calculation. The results from the two sites overlap extremely well and have a very high signal-to-noise ratio.
Unlike the BICEP2 South Pole Telescope fiasco in 2014,9 with a claimed detection of primordial gravitational waves from the supposed big bang inflation epoch, which was subsequently retracted in 2015,10 this detection seems to be very robust. And though the laser interferometers do have a very small likelihood of a false positive, produced by random noise with the same type of waveform, getting that result in two locations, separated by approximately the light travel time between the two sites, is extremely improbable.

Figure 2 illustrates the scenario of a black hole binary inspiral merger. The unfiltered waveform is shown in the frame below the pictures. This unfiltered waveform shows the expected disturbance to spacetime as a function of time as the black holes spiral together. The bottom frame plots the separation between the two black holes as a function of time as well as their relative velocity as a fraction of the speed of light.
One significant feature of this inspiral, as expected from modelling with general relativity, is the final phase of ringing during the ringdown. This shows a classic loss (dissipation) of energy from the system that is well understood in laboratory physics. This feature was predicted a few decades ago and is the expected classic signature of such a merger. So when I saw this, with such a high signal-to-noise ratio, I was immediately convinced that this was indeed a real detection.
On a personal note, the detection of gravitational waves means that a prediction I made in 2006 was wrong. Hulse and Taylor received the physics Nobel Prize in 1993 for their discovery, in 1974, that the neutron star binary PSR B1913+16—where one is also a pulsar emitting a radio signal—showed a loss of energy as gravitational radiation, as the two stars slowly moved towards each while spiraling around their common centre. This was recorded for several decades, exquisitely confirming what Einstein predicted. But no gravity waves were detected from that source, and that led to my prediction, based on the cosmology of Carmeli, where I reasoned that gravitational waves did not travel as waves through vacuum, though gravitational energy from the binary PSR B1913+16 was indeed lost to space as heat.11 But, alas, I now admit I was wrong.
Operational science
This discovery is consistent with Einstein’s idea that spacetime can be thought of as a fabric that ‘waves’. In this case metrical distortions of spacetime can propagate through it, travelling at the speed of light (c). This is further support to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, which already has been very successfully tested in the local lab and in our solar system. Time keeping with GPS clocks is one very important example. The clocks on the GPS satellites at an altitude of about 20,200 km need corrections for both special and general relativistic effects, which amount to about 38 millionths of a second per day. It’s not much, yet it is a real measurable effect that would result in huge errors in GPS results if not corrected for. As a result we would classify this as operational science. And so is gravitational wave detection from coalescing binary black holes, or any other very dense objects that might be detected in the future.
Even though this type of measurement cannot be observed within our solar system, where humans may be able to directly go, these observations are, in principle, repeatable—not with that particular binary pair, but others like it. Such repeatable observations are one aspect of what we call operational science, even though we cannot directly interact with the black holes under investigation.12 This is similar to the observed energy loss from the neutron star binary pair for which Hulse and Taylor received their Nobel Prize. It is repeatable and consistent with robust physics testable on earth, though in a different area of application.
Creation or big bang science?
Big bang cosmology is not operational science. The assumed big bang origin of the universe from a universal singularity13 (not a black hole), which is a fancy term for nothing,14 is not repeatable science. Nor are there other universes that we can observe to test how a typical universe began in a big bang or otherwise.
The failed BICEP2 claim of detection of primordial gravitational waves and the ‘smoking gun’ evidence of the inflation epoch,9,10 illustrates the problem. The claim at the time was that it was ‘smoking gun’ evidence. That is an explicit admission that the event itself was not observed, but unobserved forensic or potentially circumstantial evidence after the fact.
Then there is the problem of degeneracy.15 In astrophysics and cosmology this means that there are a plethora of possible theories to explain the same cosmological observations. Just detecting Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, which was a big bang prediction of George Gamow in 1948, is not sufficient reason (evidence) to conclude that the big bang happened (at some moment in the unobserved past). You would have to show that all other possible causes for the CMB radiation are ruled out. Besides there is contradictory evidence that supports the idea that the CMB radiation is not even from the background16 and thus it can’t be leftover radiation from the big bang fireball, as is believed.
If contrary evidence was found that ruled out this gravitational wave detection then that should be seriously considered. But I think that that is unlikely. Ruling out the very unlikely possibility of gross fraud, by a lot of scientists involved in the discovery, it is hard to see that this could be anything else other than a genuine detection, since it has all the hallmarks of the laws of physics that we do understand. No unknown unknowns were invoked to get the observations to fit the theory. No evidence for violation of general relativity was observed.
Now, these laws of physics, are exquisitely designed laws from the hand of the Creator of this universe. The fact that the black hole system is so far away (admittedly there are some assumptions to derive that fact) and the same laws we have discovered on earth apply out there tells us of the consistency of those laws. They are the creation of an Intelligence, a Creator, and we are just discovering how wonderfully He made this universe.
I suspect that there will be a host of claims on the internet and in other news media that this discovery somehow validates the big bang origin of the universe. But, it doesn’t!

The standard big bang cosmology is based on the solution of Einstein’s field equations found by Friedmann and Lemaître, in the 1920s. Those same field equations were linearized in what is called the post-Newtonian approximation, and from that Einstein developed the theory for gravity waves propagating through spacetime. But there are many possible mathematical solutions of Einstein’s field equations for the whole universe, many of which have already been discarded, as not fitting what we observe. The existence of a solution does not mean it has any physical significance. Einstein himself obtained the Einstein static universe solution, which he later discarded. Because he had included the cosmological constant (Λ) to maintain a static universe, when he heard of Hubble’s 1929 discovery of an expanding universe he exclaimed that its inclusion was the biggest mistake of his career.
Every solution requires a set of assumptions, which are called boundary conditions. These are assumptions about the initial conditions, and in the case of the Friedmann-Lemaître solution it requires the cosmological principle, which is an assumption that states that the universe is isotropic and homogeneous, or uniform. That means that the matter density in the universe, on the large scale, is the same everywhere, and that there is no unique centre nor any boundary or edge to the universe. It also assumes the laws of physics are the same everywhere and at every epoch.
Biblical creationists would agree that the laws are the same at every place in the universe, but not necessarily at every epoch, because there was a very special Creation epoch—Creation week. Big bang cosmology also has an exception, at the big bang itself, which is effectively a miracle without any sufficient cause (or explanation).
Besides the issue of the topology of the universe—whether it has a unique centre and an edge—the cosmological principle has a few big problems. One of them is the ‘Axis of Evil’.17,18 This is the determination of a peculiar alignment of the temperature fluctuations found in the CMB radiation, from both the WMAP and the Planck satellites. Those data independently determined the same anomalous axis in the universe, aligned with the plane of our solar system, in the particular direction determined by the two points where the sun’s path crosses the earth’s equator each year.19 But such an extraordinary axis in space should not exist. The local physics of our solar system and that of the big bang fireball should have no connection. This refutes the homogeneity and isotropy requirement of the cosmological principle, and because it does so much damage to their theory, the big bang cosmologists have called it the ‘Axis of Evil’.
Another big problem that has developed as a consequence of acceptance of the standard ΛCDM big bang cosmology20 for the universe is the belief in dark energy and dark matter. Because the observations on the large-scale measurements in the universe21 do not fit the modern form of the Friedmann-Lemaître model, dark energy and dark matter22 were invoked to get agreement. Dark energy, a sort of anti-gravity, was put in via the cosmological constant (Λ) but dark matter was necessary to bolster the total amount of matter since the small amount of normal observed matter was insufficient to get the theory to agree with the observations. Dark energy and dark matter are unknowns to science and hence I call them fudge factors,23 unknown unknowns, or ‘gods of the gaps’24 for modern cosmology.
Interestingly, the calculation used to determine the masses of the merging black holes in the analysis of this week’s discovery employed the standard canonical speed of light, c.25 That is, it used the same constant value that we measure today. Does that tell us something? I think it does.
Some biblical creationists favour a much higher value for the speed of light in the past, from a time soon after creation of the universe, after which it decreased or decayed down to its current value (the concept is known as cdk, from c-decay). They use this supposed much higher value of c in the past as a solution of the biblical creationist light-travel time problem.26,27 But now this new discovery shows that, at a time in the past representative of a distance in the cosmos of 1.3 billion light-years, the value of the speed of light (c) was identical to today’s current value. Regardless of which creationist cosmology you like, the gravity waves observed in September 2015 must have left their source very soon after Creation week. Thus the cdk idea is thoroughly rejected.
Conclusion
What do we conclude? Einstein’s general relativity is further strengthened as good operational science with no fudge factors. Any change in the speed of light is rejected. Nevertheless there exist other much more plausible solutions to the biblical creationist starlight-travel-time problem.26,27,28,29 With a constant speed of light, general relativity theory gives us the needed clue that time is not an absolute in the universe, which means that much more time could have been available for light to travel to earth from the most distant sources, even within the 6,000 years since creation. There are no other implications that impact on biblical creationist explanations for the origin of the universe.
Update added 4 March 2016
In regards to some claims that the detection was faked, Science News reported this:30
For 5 months, LIGO physicists struggled to keep a lid on their pupating discovery. Ordinarily, most team members would not have known whether the signal was real. LIGO regularly salts its data readings with secret false signals called “blind injections” to test the equipment and keep researchers on their toes. But on 14 September 2015, that blind injection system was not running. Physicists had only recently completed a 5-year, $205 million upgrade of the machines, and several systems—including the injection system—were still offline as the team wound up a preliminary “engineering run.” As a result, the whole collaboration knew that the observation was likely real. “I was convinced that day,” González says.
Still, LIGO physicists had to rule out every alternative, including the possibility that the reading was a malicious hoax. “We spent about a month looking at the ways that somebody could spoof a signal,” Reitze says, before deciding it was impossible. For González, making the checks “was a heavy responsibility,” she says. “This was the first detection of gravitational waves, so there was no room for a mistake.” (emphasis added)
One of the researchers who works on the LIGO instruments is a personal friend of mine. Today he told me that the simulated false signals that they do inject for calibration purposes are not powerful enough to create the detected signal. He said that they just could not do it.
Related Articles
Further Reading
References and notes
- The laser interferometers used to detect these signals are about 4 km long. The strain sensitivity refers to the detection sensitivity in terms of the fractional change in length of the arms (ΔL1-ΔL2)/L. So any putative signal can be detected that results in an absolute change in the arm length of as little as a few parts in 10-19 m. That is about a ten thousandth of the diameter of a hydrogen nucleus, i.e. of a proton. Return to text
- Any detection with a statistical significance greater than 5 standard deviations is considered real. In this case the result is shown to be far above the background noise in the detection histogram. See Fig. 4 in Ref. 6. Return to text
- The luminosity of the source and its redshift were determined from the brightness of the source signal where standard big bang cosmology was applied. Nevertheless that choice of cosmology has little impact on the veracity of the detection. Return to text
- These are their masses in their own rest frames. Return to text
- M⊙ represents the mass of our sun, a solar mass unit. Return to text
- Abbott, B. P., et al., Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116(6), 2016 | doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. Return to text
- 1 ms = 1 millisecond. Return to text
- GW means gravity wave and the date of the detection is included in the nomenclature. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., Has the ‘smoking gun’ of the ‘big bang’ been found?, March 2014; creation.com/bbgun. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., New study confirms BICEP2 detection of cosmic inflation wrong, February 2015; creation.com/inflation-wrong. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., and Tobar, M.E., Properties of gravitational waves in Cosmological General Relativity, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 45 (11):2213–2222, 2006. Return to text
- Even though I am calling this operational science, such science done in the cosmos, where the researchers have no local laboratory wherein they can interact with their experiments, is a weaker form of the science. Therefore a higher standard of evidence should be required before conclusions may be drawn. And even then the tentative nature of the science needs to be properly understood. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning, July 2014, creation.com. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., An eternal quantum potential or an eternal Creator God, January 2016, biblescienceforum.com. Return to text
- Degeneracy in this context means there are multiple solutions that cannot be distinguished from observation. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., ‘Light from the big bang’ casts no shadows, Creation 37(1):50–51, 2015; see also biblescienceforum.com. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., CMB Conundrums, J. Creation 20(2):10–11, August 2006. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., Development of an ‘old’ universe in science, July 2015, biblescienceforum.com. Return to text
- This is when the sun is seen exactly overhead at the equator. It occurs only twice a year due to the tilt of the earth’s axis. As the earth travels around the sun, the sun is seen overhead at lower or higher latitudes. Twice a year at the summer and winter equinox, Earth’s equatorial plane passes through the centre of the sun. Those two points on the opposite sides of Earth’s orbit, in the plane of the orbits of the planets, describes a unique direction in space. Return to text
- CDM refers to cold dark matter. Return to text
- Type Ia supernova measurements, for example. Return to text
- Dark matter historically was invoked before this. It was found that is needed in spiral galaxies to get the dynamics of the rotation of the galaxies to fit standard theory. This then spread to galaxy clusters and super-clusters also. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., Big bang fudge factors, December 2014, biblescienceforum.com. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., Is dark matter the unknown god?, Creation 37(2):22–24, 2015, biblescienceforum.com. Return to text
- Canonical speed of light is defined as c = 299,792,458 m/s. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., Starlight and time: Is it a brick wall for biblical creation?, July 2015, biblescienceforum.com. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., The Lecture: Starlight and time—Is it a brick wall for biblical creation?, July 2015, biblescienceforum.com. Return to text
- Hartnett, J.G., Solutions to the biblical creationist starlight-travel-time problem, November 2014, biblescienceforum.com. Return to text
- Batten, D., (Ed.), et al., How can we see distant stars in a young universe?, The Creation Answers book, ch. 5, Creation Book Publishers, Queensland, Australia, 2006. Return to text
- Cho, A., Gravitational waves, Einstein’s ripples in spacetime, spotted for first time, Science, sciencemag.com, accessed February 2016. Return to text
Readers’ comments
" that time is not an absolute in the universe, which means that much more time could have been available for light to travel to earth from the most distant sources, even within the 6,000 years since creation"
I'm not sure if you understand relativity.
Relativity makes the claim - if you were traveling at the speed of light no time would pass for you so for the GW that reached us from 1 billion light years away no time pass for them. However from our perspective time moves on at a normal speed as we are relatively speaking not moving at the speed of light.
You see the conclusion? For the earth the GW did take over 1 billion years to get here however if you were sitting on the GW literally no time would pass.
Is this not a more correct restatement of your conclusion?
If you assume no general relativistic effects during the flight of the GW and therefore time in all reference frames (i.e. all points of space from source to receiver) passes at the same rate as Earth clocks then you might correctly determine that the GW took 1 billion years to reach Earth. This also assumes the Einstein Synchrony Convention (ESC). I personally now favour the ASC model for creation, which means that situation you describe is true under the ESC, but it takes zero travel time in the ASC model with the event timed as occurring in 2015 when it was observed. As I previously said, it depends on which cosmology/cosmogony you like.
To confuse the frame of reference from a light beam traveling the speed of light to us not traveling at the speed of light is an astonishing misstatement of relativity.
How do you explain this?
My apologies if these questions have already been asked. If the collision is 1.3 billion light years away, how do they know this is the gravity wave they are detecting?
Secondly, would it really only take .45 seconds for two black holes to merge. Would the wave really dampen that quickly?
Thanks much for this interesting article.
Tim
It only took 0.2s for the two black holes to merge into one. In an article posted today I explain more about why this is plausible. Please read Impact of gravitational wave detection: A response to Setterfield’s response.
In 2003 I proposed a simple model A new cosmology: solution to the starlight travel time problem. In a model there I suggested the solar system was young compared to the rest of the cosmos. In that 1st cosmology the time retardation was only in the solar system during Creation week but becomes normal after that time and hence there is no blueshift problem. Neither does it occur in my second cosmology found in my book Starlight Time and the New Physics. That is because of an extra dimension, the velocity dimension of the spacevelocity phase space, which is not the same as spacetime.
How can we detect gravitational waves from the collision of black holes, if black holes are currently just a mathematical construct? Black holes are not as yet, a proven reality.
And Newton's pondered the nature of gravity because of the seemingly instantaneous attraction between bodies of mass.
Why then is the propagation of gravity waves, constrained to the speed of light?
For gravity Newton pondered action at a distance. He did not know what speed that action propagated. There are some today who argue that it is near instantaneous, but general relativity points to it being limited to the speed of light c.
To my knowledge no cosmological model that was purely biblical creationist in design has made any prediction about gravity waves. That has not been a focus. My own prediction (that was wrong) was using Carmeli's cosmological general relativity (CGR) theory, which quite clearly is not my invention. But I have also used it and in my book Starlight Time and the New Physics attempted to outline how that theory might be modified/extended to create a creationist model.
You ask, which model is the most successful? That is a difficult question to answer. How do you judge success? The fact is that the detection of these gravity waves tells us that Einstein's general theory of relativity (GR) is a good starting point for a theory to describe the universe. The problem after that is how to choose the correct initial conditions, and other boundary conditions (assumptions which all models need), when describing the universe created by God, yet employing GR where applicable. Russ Humphreys has attempted to do that in 3 different cosmologies. I have attempted to do that in 1 cosmology with GR plus a supernatural event and 1 with CGR not GR. However I now believe that the assumption of an expanding universe (one of those boundary conditions) is not correct. So I have been developing a new model. That is a static universe model. Humphreys also is working on a static universe model now (his third).
In terms of what science is, cosmology is not science. And that is very important to understand. It is not repeatable operational science but more like a forensic science, an historical science, which is much weaker and does not work like normal operational science with hypothesis, prediction and test/refutation. Many of the same observations can potentially be accommodated by very different models. And certain "facts" must be accepted as a given. The starting assumption today in modern cosmology is that there was/is no Creator. This false assumption, I believe, is the reason why big bang cosmology has developed so many fudge factors, dark entities, to fill in when the theory fails.
If the weight of evidence accumulated that the universe is not expanding then that would work against it. However, my third cosmology A Biblical Creationist Cosmogony assumes a static or quasi-static universe. It assumes loss of photon energy to the vacuum and I explain a testable criterion in a research paper.
I have a couple of questions:
1. A reference was made to GPS clocks requiring correction for relativistic effects. Doesn't the environment and detection method influence the result i.e. gravity will have an effect on the clocks simply because the clocks on earth have to "work harder" against gravity than clocks in space and therefore have more losses?
2. If time speeds up or slows down, light could speed up or slow down at the same rate, and it would be undetectable, wouldn't it?
Thank you!
A2: It is not so simple. Because we now define the speed of light any putative variation in the speed of light would show up as a clock error. The speed of light is not a fundamental unit but time is. Even length is not fundamental as we derive length from the defined value of c, and time measured by an atomic clock.
The central tenet would appear to be that the Zero Point Energy, ZPE, has been strengthening with the *initial* expansion of the universe, and has caused 'constants' such as Planck and c to change with that initial timeframe; such that the red-shift curve of light from distant objects can be used to correct atomic time, which also has varied with increasing ZPE strength, - to orbital time of planetary bodies, which do not change with ZPE field strength. Mathematically, Planck's constant (h) is inversely proportional to the speed of light (c). It is this relationship that is constant, such that as h increased, c decreased, but it is (was) the product hc that remained constant.
This is shown to be compatible with young earth ages, by plotting the 'traditional' atomic time-scale against a universal creation time-line beginning approx 8,000 years ago, via the (approx inverse logarithmic) redshift curve.
This is just a mere sound-bite of Barry Setterfield's extensive explanations.
A plasma does not guarantee a net charge. Most plasmas are net neutral even though composed of ions. Even if such a situation developed of two co-orbiting compact objects with a net charge, they would generate an electromagnetic wave, not a quadrupole distortion of spacetime.
Where are the experimental verifications of the effects he claims for the ZPE? I know of the Lamb shift and the Casimir effect, which are very small effects. It is possible though that the bare speed of light is infinite and it is only the absorption and re-emission of those photons as they travel through vacuum that gives them a constant isotropic value, c. But that is highly theoretical and unproven.
Mr Setterfield then supposes all types of systematic concomitant changes in fundamental constants with, as you mention, h.c = constant. Why does that not show up in atomic spectra at high redshifts? Why don't we observe enormous blue-shifts in galaxy light at high redshifts? It is an extreme case of not Occam's razor. Occam's razor says assume as little as possible to explain something. Setterfield has had to assume a complex set of changes occur as a function of time to avoid all types of strange phenomena in physical systems. It is parameter gymnastics. But this black hole binary system and the observed waveform is consistent with General Relativity and the same value of the speed of light in that system when the gravity wave left that system travelling at the speed of light. See also Comment on "Issachar Insight" – Chuck Missler and Barry Setterfield
"It is not always correct to say 'millions' or 'billions of years' is wrong, but to have a model that had God creating the universe about 6000 years ago as measured by Earth clocks. So the argument should not be about the rejection of ‘millions or billions of years’ per se; it is really about the truthfulness of God’s Word."
I believe it "is" always correct to say millions or billions of years is wrong. The idea that it was only 6,000 years ago by earth clocks is simply a way of conforming to secular scientism and still hold to a belief in God. If we accept billions of years then we have opened the door to cosmic evolution as well. You might as well just reject Genesis at that point. I know that Dr. Sarfati does not agree with a billions of years old universe either. Have you ever discussed it with him?
For My thoughts are not your thoughts, Nor are your ways My ways," declares the LORD. "For as the heavens are higher than the earth, So are My ways higher than your ways And My thoughts than your thoughts. Isaiah 55:8-9
There is just no reason to think we could ever understand it. But there is absolutely no reason why God needed to have the universe billions of years old. And there are far too many evidences that indicate that it isn't that old.
Don't compromise by trying to find a scientific explanation for a supernatural phenomena. God really is that powerful.
The biblical account is written from an Earth-centred perspective, from man's perspective on Earth. So that is what is important. That is why the correct terminology is 'biblical creationist' rather than 'young earth creationist' even though the second follows from the first.
God wants us to use our brains, after all He created them. He also wants us to explore and understand His universe and appreciate Him as its Creator. I think, in principle, we can learn a lot about how this universe was created. This article "Modern science in creationist thinking" outlines my thoughts on this in more detail.
1) Operational science has proved light can be transported on the back of other mediums, such as a fingerprint on atoms, which Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and of Applied Physics, Lene Hau proved when she stopped light in one place then retrieves and speeds it up in a completely separate place.
2) So the question is can the fabric of space or some property within expand faster than the speed of light?
3) The gravitational waves seems to provide more operational evidence that there is something as the 'fabric' of space
If this is the case then the billions of years could be the result of the expansion of the fabric of space during an acceleration/deceleration period during the creation week when light and other things were carried along. Your thoughts?
What we call the canonical value, c, is the vacuum speed of light. The speed of light can be changed when entering a medium. This is what causes deflection of light in a lens etc. It may be greatly slowed even stopped under various experimental conditions in highly dispersive media etc as you mention. But it is the vacuum speed that is this universal constant.
I agree that these gravity waves indicate that there is something there as they propagate through spacetime. I am not so sure though that the fabric of space expands at all. That is not the same thing as the former. I suggest you read "Expansion of space -- a dark science".
What I thought I had understood was that during the 4th day of Creation, earth was below an event horizon and time was moving much more slowly there than in the cosmos--billions of years of cosmos time took place in a mere 24 hours of earth time, but as the day closed, the earth crossed the horizon, which synced the two clocks, and thus time on earth is approximately ticking at the same speed as the universe now.
I infer from that idea that when we look into the far distant universe, such as at the merger mentioned in this article, that we are looking backwards in time to events that happened at Creation.
But in your reply to Abraão C. above, you stated that this event probably happened soon after Creation week, which is confusing me. If time on the earth after the 4th day now ticks at about the same time as the cosmos, and the speed of light is indeed constant there as well as here, then how can we see something that happened after the Creation week? If the billions of years we see happened during the 24 hours of the 4th day of creation after which the two clocks were fairly synced, would not the light from that event thus need a billion years to get to us at a constant speed of light? In that case, how do we see anything that happened after the close of Creation week? Or is something happening to time in between? Sorry--I'm apparently not understanding something!
Generally speaking for all 'time dilation' cosmologies, of either my own design or Dr Humphreys, whatever we see in the distant cosmos must be coming from either Creation week activity or from sometime after Creation week. In those cosmologies the speed of light is constant, c, and does not change. So in astronomical clock time it must take 1.3 billion years for light to traverse the distance of 1.3 billion light-years. Thus my statement in that reply was being general that that light must have left soon after creation. It could even be from Creation week (it depends on the details of the cosmology) but I was not intending to be very specific.
In terms of time dilation cosmologies, they generally work that the more distant the source the closer to Creation week the light is from. In my second cosmology I interpreted that to mean everything we see in the cosmos outside of our Galaxy is from Creation week. In any case, in terms of astronomical time light takes billions of years to get to Earth from the most distant sources. Thus the light that we see now from the most distant sources left much earlier than did light which left from nearby sources. Hence we look back further in time (either towards Creation week or within Creation week) as we look deeper into the cosmos. These notes on my lecture "Starlight and time: Is it a brick wall for biblical creation?" may be of help.
One point I'm a little confused about is "Their distance, determined from luminosity, is about 1.3 billion light-years"??? They're Black Holes, do they emit radiation in the visible bandwidth? Did the coalescing allow them to emit light temporarily?
I have analyzed the many publications and results of this event, and am convinced that it is a simple spoof. When Jessica McIver reported that a telemarketting phone call was creating spurious signals in the system, I knew exactly how it was spoofed. Here's how to do it:
1) Acquire 2 iPhones.
2) Download a sound file from the internet of two 30-mass black holes merging. Several sources can supply them, I found mine at MIT website.
3) Make sure the iPhones are synced up to a time server, and set the alarms to be once-a-week, one ring, on Monday at 2:15 am.
4) Find a reason to be in Hanford and Livingston, and hide said iPhones somewhere in the facility. This will be easier during engineering phase than data phase, so get there before the data phase starts.
Alternatively, get an accomplice to put one phone and you can put the other.
5) Wait for the excitement on Tuesday. Then nonchalantly remove the iPhone before the following Monday.
Now, why do I think this spoof was done? Really, do I need to explain the motivation? Look at all the excitement. Look at the gullibility. It's the prank that just keeps on giving, and giving and giving...
How do I know it wasn't real?
a) It was too perfect a match to known simulation results.
b) It was symmetric BH
c) It was 30-solar-mass BH
d) The perfect match was to simulation codes that set the Maxwell stress-energy tensor to zero, that set the BH charge to zero, that set the non-linearity to 1st order (post-Newtonian approximation), that set the background magnetic field to zero, that had evenly matched super-massive BH---in other words, to a whole series of approximations intended to make the computer code easier, but the astronomy incredibly unlikely. Read the ApJ paper, there's just no way it'll happen.
Researchers use computer simulations to learn what a waveform should look like. And those approximations all seem reasonable to me. The physics for a pair of coalescing compact objects, in principle, is fairly simple. Nevertheless the inspiral can only be solved numerically, not analytically. BTW, they were not supermassive black holes, but have stellar size masses.
Thank you in advance.
My reference 27 is a lecture which covers cdk among other potential solutions for the starlight travel time problem. There I discuss the issue in relation to the Hulse-Taylor neutron-star binary at a distance of 28,000 light-years (in the Galaxy) which indicates when light left that source c was the same as it is today. In this binary black-hole merger the distance is 1.3 billion light-years and hence the gravity wave travelling at the speed of light, c, must have left the source even much earlier than light did from the Hulse-Taylor binary. It must have happened soon after the beginning of creation, therefore it gives a measure of the speed of light back at that time, soon after or during Creation week. (The details depend on the cosmology you like to apply.)
Could the same principle apply to starlight as applies to fully-grown humans, trees (not seeds or even saplings) and vegetation - created so that the starlight was already visible by God's fiat, because the light from them had a purpose as mentioned in the early verses of Genesis 1.
Again, for the sake of clarity, this is not an issue of God trying to make the universe look old, but that things were created in a mature state, so that the lights seen at first (and even for a long time afterwards) are those created in motion for the purposes He gives.
Definitely this does not mean anti-gravity driven spacecraft or aircraft. That would be like saying the discovery of a planet with a light telescope allowed us to travel to the planet. Very different technology is involved.
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